Real estate ownership from data.gouv.fr (Nov. 2021), Geocoded data from Koumoul.com, UBO data from inpi.fr. Enter name of country, person, company, siren number, street, city, etc… Click on the number in the results to see the full record. Click on the person or company name to see all the records for this person/company. You can also do partial searches with the * joker. Example: @Nom_Patronymique *ov @realestates yes | @parcels yes returns the people having family names ending at OV, who are linked to companies who owns premisses or land plots in France. The Geotag search locates the land plots, but not the real estate like flats. A list of persons of interest with questionable wealth has been established by investigative journalists team and can be seen here.
Premisses: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @batiment_identification_du_local @entree_identification_du_local @niveau_identification_du_local @porte_identification_du_local @ndeg_voirie_adresse_du_local @indice_de_repetition_adresse_du_local @code_voie_majic_adresse_du_local @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_du_local @nature_voie_adresse_du_local @nom_voie_adresse_du_local @code_droit_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_du_local @groupe_personne_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_du_local @denomination_proprietaires_du_local @poi @vip
Parcels: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @ndeg_de_voirie_adresse_parcelle @indice_de_repetition_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_majic_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_parcelle @nature_voie_adresse_parcelle @nom_voie_adresse_parcelle @contenance_caracteristiques_parcelle @suf_evaluation_suf @nature_culture_evaluation_suf @contenance_evaluation_suf @code_droit_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_parcelle @groupe_personne_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_parcelle @denomination_proprietaires_parcelle @realestates @parcels @vip
Geoloc: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Departement @Code Commune @Nom Commune @Adresse @Code parcelle @Code voie rivoli @SUF @Nature culture @Code droit @NMAJIC @NSIREN @Groupe personne @Forme juridique abregee @Denomination @vip
The search DAVID 1967-09-28 found 61 results
# | Siren | Name | Address | Locaux/Premisses | Parcelles/Land Plots |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
29299 | 330971300 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
ROCHAS David DoB: 1967-08-28 PoB: 05061 Gap (05) France P.Physique Quality: administrateur @OCCRP Alef @WC |
Lieu-dit La Peyrouse 5130 Jarjayes France | ||
356564 | 410076681 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
VAN Assel David DoB: 1967-09-03 PoB: 02558 Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache (02) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 route de Foucommé 2170 Esquéhéries France | ||
356565 | 410076681 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
VAN Assel David DoB: 1967-09-03 PoB: 02558 Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache (02) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé unique @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 route de Foucommé 2170 Esquéhéries France | ||
697548 | 789310257 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
BRIGGS Alan David DoB: 1967-06-12 PoB: Sutton In Ashfield ROYAUME-UNI P.Physique Quality: Directeur général @OCCRP Alef @WC |
14 Kingfisher drive, He mel Hempstead 0 Hertfordshire HP3 9DD ROYAUME-UNI | ||
820752 | 400299301 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
DAVID Marielle DoB: 1967-09-08 PoB: 42218 Saint-Étienne (42) France P.Physique Quality: gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
5837 Route du Barrage 42170 Saint-Just-Saint-Rambert France | ||
820753 | 400299301 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
DAVID Marielle DoB: 1967-09-08 PoB: 42218 Saint-Étienne (42) France P.Physique Quality: Associé indéfiniment responsable @OCCRP Alef @WC |
5837 Route du Barrage 42170 Saint-Just-Saint-Rambert France | ||
1160377 | 412049322 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
BALESTRACCI JR Anthony David DoB: 1967-04-19 PoB: MASSACHUSSETTS ETATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE P.Physique Quality: Président @OCCRP Alef @WC |
502 E Pretty Flowers Garden Plain 0 KANSAS 67050 ETATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE | ||
1820460 | 534166541 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
Bell David DoB: 1967-12-18 PoB: Duxford ROYAUME-UNI P.Physique Quality: Directeur général @OCCRP Alef @WC |
C/Ponent Santa Ana 4 07720 Es Castell (Menorca) 0 Espagne | ||
2064283 | 505191114 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
GIRAUD David DoB: 1967-05-29 PoB: 13213 Marseille 13 FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 montée du Grund Appartement 3A L-1645 Luxembourg 0 Luxembourg | ||
2148573 | 420780835 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
GIRAUD David DoB: 1967-05-29 PoB: 13213 Marseille 13 FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Directeur général délégué @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 Montée du Grund appartement 3A L-1645 Luxembourg 0 Luxembourg | ||
2250598 | 327255766 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
CHAPUIS DAVID YVES DoB: 1967-03-28 PoB: LE PUY EN VELAY FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
3 rue Chaptal 92300 Levallois Perret France | ||
2250599 | 327255766 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
CHAPUIS DAVID YVES DoB: 1967-03-28 PoB: LE PUY EN VELAY FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
3 rue Chaptal 92300 Levallois Perret France | ||
2336086 | 433956117 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
VIALES DAVID DoB: 1967-03-28 PoB: VITRY SUR SEINE FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
601 avenue du Marechal Juin 92100 Boulogne Billancourt France | ||
2399895 | 424573178 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
PEREZ GERARD ISAAC DAVID JONATHAN DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: SAINT MALO FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
7 square La Champmeslé 75019 Paris France | ||
2723794 | 453719924 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
HERNANDEZ DAVID Francisca DoB: 1967-03-28 PoB: 34032 BEZIERS FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
11 IMPASSE JACQUES PREVERT 34760 BOUJAN SUR LIBRON FRANCE | ||
2838183 | 452603624 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
DERET David Claure Marie DoB: 1967-09-14 PoB: 45234 ORLEANS (45) France P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 domaine des Blancs Bouleaux 45160 Ardon France | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
2838184 | 452603624 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
DERET David Claure Marie DoB: 1967-09-14 PoB: 45234 ORLEANS (45) France P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 domaine des Blancs Bouleaux 45160 Ardon France | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
2839015 | 538552993 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
BOULARD David DoB: 1967-09-08 PoB: 45234 Orléans (45) France P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
174 allée des Quatre Vents 45160 Ardon France | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
|
2997682 | 795117852 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
DAVID Cécile DoB: 1967-04-06 PoB: 37261 Tours FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
5 place Georges-Pompidou 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux FRANCE | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
2997683 | 795117852 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
DAVID Cécile DoB: 1967-04-06 PoB: 37261 Tours FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé indéfiniment responsable @OCCRP Alef @WC |
5 place Georges-Pompidou 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux FRANCE | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
3394808 | 818487704 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
FIMA Guy David DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 75111 Paris 11(75) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Président @OCCRP Alef @WC |
2 B Boulevard de Montreal Cap Fabron Bat Flore 1 6200 Nice FRANCE | ||
4089867 | 452779754 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
AQUEVILLO David Jean Pierre DoB: 1967-12-15 PoB: 91477 Palaiseau (91) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 Rue de la Division Leclerc 91160 Champlan FRANCE | ||
4131282 | 511670259 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
AQUEVILLO David Jean-Pierre DoB: 1967-12-15 PoB: 91477 Palaiseau (91) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 Rue de la Division Leclerc 91160 Champlan FRANCE | ||
4131283 | 511670259 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
AQUEVILLO David Jean-Pierre DoB: 1967-12-15 PoB: 91477 Palaiseau (91) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 Rue de la Division Leclerc 91160 Champlan FRANCE | ||
4191320 | 804978658 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
ROSENBLUM Philippe David Simon DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 92012 Boulogne-Billancourt (92) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
102 Avenue Archille Peretti 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine FRANCE | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
4191321 | 804978658 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
ROSENBLUM Philippe David Simon DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 92012 Boulogne-Billancourt (92) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
102 Avenue Archille Peretti 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine FRANCE | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
4874283 | 410836233 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
DAVID VENET Muriel Jacqueline DoB: 1967-09-21 PoB: 69383 Lyon 3(69) France P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
39 Rue Clément Michut 69100 Villeurbanne France | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
5195013 | 393144084 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
LELEU David DoB: 1967-06-22 PoB: 59122 CAMBRAI FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Directeur général @OCCRP Alef @WC |
35-37 rue des Minières 62860 Bourlon FRANCE | ||
5865442 | 751254954 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
LA ROSA Laurent David Stéphane DoB: 1967-10-28 PoB: 38185 Grenoble (38) France P.Physique Quality: gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
12 Rue Blaise Pascal 38700 La Tronche France | ||
6434826 | 534872312 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
VINCENT David DoB: 1967-01-17 PoB: 33063 Bordeaux (33) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Directeur général @OCCRP Alef @WC |
23 Rue Binaud 33300 Bordeaux FRANCE | ||
7106181 | 750458325 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
DAVID Dominique DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 17299 Rochefort FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
8 rue des Roses l'Abbaye 17700 Saint-Mard FRANCE | ||
7447973 | 407659648 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
ALBAS David DoB: 1967-10-28 PoB: MONTPELLIER (34) P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
LES CADENEDES ST PAUL ET VALMALLE 34570 PIGNAN FRANCE | ||
8176692 | 809834245 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
MERCIER David DoB: 1967-01-09 PoB: 93055 Pantin (93) France P.Physique Quality: gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
Lieudit Ensales 1587 Route des Muriers 31380 Saint-Jean-Lherm France | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
|
8265363 | 345003743 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
MERCIER David Roger DoB: 1967-01-09 PoB: 93055 Pantin (93) France P.Physique Quality: gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
Lieu-dit Ensales 31380 Saint-Jean-Lherm France | ||
9176060 | 349069047 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
JOUSSELME David DoB: 1967-07-04 PoB: 69388 Lyon 08 FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Directeur général @OCCRP Alef @WC |
53 rue du Metz 59000 Lille France | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
9444351 | 433065166 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
JEANMOUGIN David DoB: 1967-10-07 PoB: 10387 Troyes (10) France P.Physique Quality: gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
La Loge 42410 Chavanay France | ||
9639530 | 524396017 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
SAINT AUBERT David DoB: 1967-09-02 PoB: 59122 Cambrai FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
4 Fontpuy 87160 Arnac-la-Poste FRANCE | ||
9954062 | 822250874 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
LANOY Xavier, David, Laurent DoB: 1967-12-28 PoB: 62279 Duisans FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
la Robionniere 49125 Cheffes FRANCE | ||
10126017 | 379023914 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
GROSSMANN David DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 54395 Nancy FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
446 chemin de la Valade 83550 Vidauban FRANCE | ||
10531595 | 794721878 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
GROSSMANN David Jean Pierre Alexandre DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 54395 Nancy FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
446 chemin de la Vanade 83550 Vidauban FRANCE | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
10531596 | 794721878 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
GROSSMANN David Jean Pierre Alexandre DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 54395 Nancy FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
446 chemin de la Vanade 83550 Vidauban FRANCE | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
10771738 | 512131376 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
FIMA Guy David DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 75101 Paris 01(75) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Liquidateur @OCCRP Alef @WC |
2 Bis Boulevard de Montreéal 6200 Nice FRANCE | ||
10783752 | 494215403 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
SOUSTRAT David Vincent DoB: 1967-09-05 PoB: 37261 Tours (37) France P.Physique Quality: gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
65 Rue du 11 Novembre 80750 Fienvillers France | ||
10783761 | 532821246 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
SOUSTRAT David Vincent DoB: 1967-09-05 PoB: 37261 Tours (37) France P.Physique Quality: gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
65 Rue du 11 Novembre 80750 Fienvillers France | ||
10783803 | 532598299 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
SOUSTRAT David Vincent DoB: 1967-09-05 PoB: 37261 Tours (37) France P.Physique Quality: gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
65 Rue du 11 Novembre 80750 Fienvillers France | ||
10805850 | 823625520 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
LEPAGE Stéphane David Régis DoB: 1967-03-04 PoB: Menen Belgique P.Physique Quality: gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 Rue du Tour de Ville 80340 Proyart France | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
10805851 | 823625520 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
LEPAGE Stéphane David Régis DoB: 1967-03-04 PoB: Menen Belgique P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 Rue du Tour de Ville 80340 Proyart France | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
11047986 | 820775294 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
CHAPNIKOFF David DoB: 1967-03-26 PoB: 75117 Paris 17 FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé indéfiniment responsable @OCCRP Alef @WC |
338 rue Edouard Heriot 62400 Béthune FRANCE | ||
11483876 | 510517220 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
LARROZE-FRANCEZAT David DoB: 1967-11-27 PoB: 21231 Dijon FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
28 route de la Vallée 21410 Saint-Victor-Sur-Ouche FRANCE | ||
11757863 | 484306949 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
SITBON David DoB: 1967-12-24 PoB: 75114 Paris 14(75) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
37 Boulevard GASTON CREMIEUX 13008 Marseille FRANCE | ||
11757864 | 484306949 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
SITBON David DoB: 1967-12-24 PoB: 75114 Paris 14(75) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
37 Boulevard GASTON CREMIEUX 13008 Marseille FRANCE | ||
11984792 | 441178647 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
RICHALOT David DoB: 1967-06-28 PoB: 34172 Montpellier (34) France P.Physique Quality: gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
78 Chemin du Bourgeat 74310 Les Houches France | ||
12274198 | 448156844 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
LOUVIGNE David Sauveur DoB: 1967-08-09 PoB: 28134 Dreux (28) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
3 Rue PAGES 92150 Suresnes FRANCE | ||
12274199 | 448156844 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
LOUVIGNE David Sauveur DoB: 1967-08-09 PoB: 28134 Dreux (28) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
3 Rue PAGES 92150 Suresnes FRANCE | ||
12511793 | 531164457 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
NEE David Marius Robert DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 76552 Sainte-Adresse FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
2ter chemin des Pequeux 76930 Octeville-sur-Mer FRANCE | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
12511794 | 531164457 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
NEE David Marius Robert DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 76552 Sainte-Adresse FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé @OCCRP Alef @WC |
2ter chemin des Pequeux 76930 Octeville-sur-Mer FRANCE | yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
yes @Cadastre @Geotag |
13541939 | 441436078 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
GROSSMANN David, Jean, Pierre, Alexandre DoB: 1967-09-28 PoB: 54395 Nancy FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Président @OCCRP Alef @WC |
37 route de Damas 88330 Haillainville FRANCE | ||
13720756 | 419988993 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
JUSTE David DoB: 1967-09-25 PoB: SCHOELCHER (972) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Gérant @OCCRP Alef @WC |
122 Res Floreal 97200 Fort-De-France France | ||
15486022 | 441178647 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
RICHALOT David DoB: 1967-06-28 PoB: 34172 Montpellier (34) France P.Physique Quality: liquidateur @OCCRP Alef @WC |
78 Chemin du Bourgeat 74310 Les Houches France | ||
15980219 | 879057933 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
ROCHAS David René André DoB: 1967-08-28 PoB: 05061 Gap (05) FRANCE P.Physique Quality: Associé indéfiniment et solidairement responsable @OCCRP Alef @WC |
La Peyrouse 5130 Jarjayes France | ||
16101650 | 441178647 @Company @Persons @UBO @INPI |
RICHALOT David DoB: 1967-06-28 PoB: 34172 Montpellier (34) France P.Physique Quality: liquidateur @OCCRP Alef @WC |
78 Chemin du Bourgeat 74310 Les Houches France |
Financial support for this project is provided by Transborder Corruption Archives TBCArchives.org and OCCRP
Investigations using this database:
International:
OCCRP and partners:
Russia:
Ukraine:
ФІРТАШ МАЄ ВИНОРОБНИЙ БІЗНЕС У ФРАНЦІЇ ЗА 7,6 МІЛЬЙОНІВ ЄВРО
Bulgaria:
Бившият шеф на енергетиката Милко Ковачев с имот в Биариц
Howto: Find the real estate owned by a French company
- Do a search by person or UBO or company and locate the persons tagged with Land plots or Premisses. The search operator @realestates yes | @parcels yes in the Persons search will limit the search to those having a land plot or premisses.
- Click on @Geotag to locate the land plots on the map. Detailed cadastral information is available in @Locaux/Premises or @Parcelles/Land Plots.
- Locate the Department (two digits) the Place, the two letters Section and the four digits Parcel N°. Exemple: AA 0011. This information is also available in the Parcel Code in Geotag. The first 5 digits of the Parcel Code are the post code and the last letters/digits are the Section and Parcel N° (ex: 302580000D0143 means post code 30258 ST GILLES CAVALES and last 5 symbols are the Section D and the parcel N° 143).
- Go to https://www.cadastre.gouv.fr/scpc/accueil.do, Select English and click on “Search by cadastral reference instead”.
- Fill the place, the post code, select the department number from the drop down menu, fill the Section and the Parcel N° with the three last digits only. Click on Search
- If there is a result the system will give a link to show the parcel on the map. You can zoom on the map and match it with Google Maps.