French Companies Real Estate

Real estate ownership from data.gouv.fr (Nov. 2021), Geocoded data from Koumoul.com, UBO data from inpi.fr. Enter name of country, person, company, siren number, street, city, etc… Click on the number in the results to see the full record. Click on the person or company name to see all the records for this person/company. You can also do partial searches with the * joker. Example: @Nom_Patronymique *ov @realestates yes | @parcels yes returns the people having family names ending at OV, who are linked to companies who owns premisses or land plots in France. The Geotag search locates the land plots, but not the real estate like flats. A list of persons of interest with questionable wealth has been established by investigative journalists team and can be seen here.


The search 635820293 found 309 results

# Company Address REF Cadastre
3547312 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PENCRAN LANRINOU Department: 29
Place: PENCRAN
Section: A
Parcel N° 3079
@Geotag
3560926 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY CREIS COAT Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0303
@Geotag
3560932 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY MESCOAT Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0447
@Geotag
3560933 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY MESCOAT Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0450
@Geotag
3560934 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY MESCOAT Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0452
@Geotag
3560935 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0454
@Geotag
3560936 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0456
@Geotag
3560937 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0458
@Geotag
3560938 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0460
@Geotag
3560939 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0462
@Geotag
3560940 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0464
@Geotag
3560941 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0466
@Geotag
3560942 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0468
@Geotag
3560943 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0469
@Geotag
3560946 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BIHAN Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0475
@Geotag
3560947 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BIHAN Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0477
@Geotag
3560948 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BIHAN Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0478
@Geotag
3560949 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BIHAN Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0480
@Geotag
3560950 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BIHAN Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0482
@Geotag
3560951 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BIHAN Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0484
@Geotag
3560952 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BIHAN Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0485
@Geotag
3560953 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BIHAN Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0487
@Geotag
3560954 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0489
@Geotag
3560955 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0491
@Geotag
3560956 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0493
@Geotag
3560957 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0494
@Geotag
3560958 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0496
@Geotag
3560959 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0498
@Geotag
3560960 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0500
@Geotag
3560961 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0502
@Geotag
3560962 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0503
@Geotag
3560963 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0505
@Geotag
3560964 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0509
@Geotag
3560965 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0511
@Geotag
3560966 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0513
@Geotag
3560984 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0971
@Geotag
3560985 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY SALOU TRENZOC Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 0974
@Geotag
3561021 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUDIRY LANDIVINOC BIHAN Department: 29
Place: PLOUDIRY
Section: A
Parcel N° 2227
@Geotag
3561572 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUEDERN PENALLEN Department: 29
Place: PLOUEDERN
Section: D
Parcel N° 0591
@Geotag
3561580 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUEDERN PENALLEN Department: 29
Place: PLOUEDERN
Section: D
Parcel N° 0861
@Geotag
3561581 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUEDERN CRIBINET Department: 29
Place: PLOUEDERN
Section: D
Parcel N° 0944
@Geotag
3561582 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUEDERN CRIBINET Department: 29
Place: PLOUEDERN
Section: D
Parcel N° 0945
@Geotag
3561584 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUEDERN PENALLEN Department: 29
Place: PLOUEDERN
Section: D
Parcel N° 0997
@Geotag
3561590 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUEDERN PEN ALLEN Department: 29
Place: PLOUEDERN
Section: D
Parcel N° 1205
@Geotag
3570492 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUIDER LESFRETIN BIAN Department: 29
Place: PLOUIDER
Section: F
Parcel N° 0439
@Geotag
3570507 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUIDER KERVELLA Department: 29
Place: PLOUIDER
Section: F
Parcel N° 1254
@Geotag
3570509 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUIDER KERVELLA Department: 29
Place: PLOUIDER
Section: F
Parcel N° 1350
@Geotag
3570510 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUIDER LESCOAT Department: 29
Place: PLOUIDER
Section: F
Parcel N° 1353
@Geotag
3570511 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUIDER LESCOAT Department: 29
Place: PLOUIDER
Section: F
Parcel N° 1353
@Geotag
3570512 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUIDER LESFRETIN BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUIDER
Section: F
Parcel N° 1356
@Geotag
3576967 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZANE KEROPARS Department: 29
Place: PLOUZANE
Section: BO
Parcel N° 0049
@Geotag
3577963 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZEVEDE LAN AR MARCHE GOAREM AR FE Department: 29
Place: PLOUZEVEDE
Section: D
Parcel N° 0064
@Geotag
3577964 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZEVEDE LAN AR MARCHE CLOS AR FOEN Department: 29
Place: PLOUZEVEDE
Section: D
Parcel N° 0066
@Geotag
3577965 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZEVEDE LAN AR MARCHE AR CHEUN Department: 29
Place: PLOUZEVEDE
Section: D
Parcel N° 0068
@Geotag
3577967 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZEVEDE LAN AR MARCH GOAREM CREIS Department: 29
Place: PLOUZEVEDE
Section: D
Parcel N° 0092
@Geotag
3577968 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZEVEDE LAN AR MARCH GOAREM CREIS Department: 29
Place: PLOUZEVEDE
Section: D
Parcel N° 0094
@Geotag
3577969 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZEVEDE LAN AR MARCH CLOS AR CHERI Department: 29
Place: PLOUZEVEDE
Section: D
Parcel N° 0096
@Geotag
3577970 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZEVEDE LAN AR MARCH CLOS AR CHERI Department: 29
Place: PLOUZEVEDE
Section: D
Parcel N° 0097
@Geotag
3577971 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZEVEDE LAN AR MARCH GOAREM BRAS Department: 29
Place: PLOUZEVEDE
Section: D
Parcel N° 0099
@Geotag
3577973 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZEVEDE LAN AR MARCHE GOAREM AR FE Department: 29
Place: PLOUZEVEDE
Section: D
Parcel N° 0724
@Geotag
3577974 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 PLOUZEVEDE LAN AR MARCHE AR CHEUN Department: 29
Place: PLOUZEVEDE
Section: D
Parcel N° 0726
@Geotag
3597550 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 SAINT RENAN TY RUZ Department: 29
Place: SAINT RENAN
Section: A
Parcel N° 0517
@Geotag
3597554 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 SAINT RENAN TY RUZ Department: 29
Place: SAINT RENAN
Section: A
Parcel N° 0988
@Geotag
3597570 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 SAINT RENAN TY RUZ Department: 29
Place: SAINT RENAN
Section: A
Parcel N° 1589
@Geotag
3597571 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 SAINT RENAN TY RUZ Department: 29
Place: SAINT RENAN
Section: A
Parcel N° 1591
@Geotag
3597573 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 SAINT RENAN KERASTANG Department: 29
Place: SAINT RENAN
Section: A
Parcel N° 1625
@Geotag
3598102 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 SAINT RENAN TREVIA Department: 29
Place: SAINT RENAN
Section: H
Parcel N° 0160
@Geotag
3598131 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 SAINT RENAN TREVIA Department: 29
Place: SAINT RENAN
Section: H
Parcel N° 1024
@Geotag
3599243 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 SAINT-SERVAIS KERIVIN Department: 29
Place: SAINT-SERVAIS
Section: ZB
Parcel N° 0196
@Geotag
3605112 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 SIZUN LA MOTTE Department: 29
Place: SIZUN
Section: E
Parcel N° 0104
@Geotag
3605113 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 SIZUN LA MOTTE Department: 29
Place: SIZUN
Section: E
Parcel N° 0106
@Geotag
3611109 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 TREZILIDE LA MARCHE BIAN Department: 29
Place: TREZILIDE
Section: B
Parcel N° 0479
@Geotag
3611110 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 TREZILIDE LA MARCHE BIAN Department: 29
Place: TREZILIDE
Section: B
Parcel N° 0480
@Geotag
3611111 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 TREZILIDE LA MARCHE BIAN GOAREM COZ Department: 29
Place: TREZILIDE
Section: B
Parcel N° 0501
@Geotag
3611112 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 TREZILIDE LA MARCHE BIAN GOAREM BIAN Department: 29
Place: TREZILIDE
Section: B
Parcel N° 0503
@Geotag
3611114 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 TREZILIDE LANN AR MARCHE Department: 29
Place: TREZILIDE
Section: B
Parcel N° 0601
@Geotag
3611118 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 TREZILIDE LANN AR MARCHE Department: 29
Place: TREZILIDE
Section: B
Parcel N° 0696
@Geotag
5252704 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 CROZON BRONFEZ Department: 29
Place: CROZON
Section: CO
Parcel N° 0009
@Geotag
5275784 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 KERNILIS TOUL DOUAR Department: 29
Place: KERNILIS
Section: ZH
Parcel N° 0077
@Geotag
5276572 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM INTROUN Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0917
@Geotag
5276573 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM BIHAN Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0918
@Geotag
5276574 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS AN END Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0924
@Geotag
5276575 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM AR FOZO Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0936
@Geotag
5276576 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU POULBIDER PARC COAS FOZOU Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0946
@Geotag
5276577 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM BIHAN Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0952
@Geotag
5276578 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM COAT AR Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0954
@Geotag
5276579 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS PRAGEN COAT AR Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0956
@Geotag
5276580 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS PRAT AR YEUN Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0958
@Geotag
5276581 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS PRAT PONT PINV Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0960
@Geotag
5276582 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM PONT PI Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0962
@Geotag
5276583 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM AR REIZ Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0964
@Geotag
5276584 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM LAOUIC Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0966
@Geotag
5276585 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM AR REIZ Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0968
@Geotag
5276586 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM LAOUIC Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0970
@Geotag
5276587 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU MILIN CREIS GOAREM COAT AR Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0972
@Geotag
5276588 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU CARRIERE DE PINVIDIC PARC Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0974
@Geotag
5276589 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU CARRIERE DE PINVIDIC GOARE Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0976
@Geotag
5276590 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU CARRIERE DE PINVIDIC GOARE Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0981
@Geotag
5276591 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU CARRIERE DE PINVIDIC GOARE Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0983
@Geotag
5276592 CARRIERES LAGADEC 29 SAS 635820293 29 LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU CARRIERE DE PINVIDIC Department: 29
Place: LAMPAUL-GUIMILIAU
Section: E
Parcel N° 0985
@Geotag

 

Financial support for this project is provided by Transborder Corruption Archives TBCArchives.org and OCCRP

Investigations using this database:

International:

OCCRP and partners:

Russian Asset Tracker

The Luxury French Real Estate of Alleged Latin American Money Launderers and Officials Accused of Corruption

Russia: 

Сен-Жан-Кап-Ферра наш. Как видные россияне заселили один из самых роскошных курортов мира на Лазурном берегу Франции

Ukraine:

ФІРТАШ МАЄ ВИНОРОБНИЙ БІЗНЕС У ФРАНЦІЇ ЗА 7,6 МІЛЬЙОНІВ ЄВРО

Bulgaria:

Топлофикация – Франция: Как шефка на “топлото” в Перник даде 6.5 милиона заем на тъста на Ковачки за вила на Лазурния бряг

Бившият шеф на енергетиката Милко Ковачев с имот в Биариц

Howto: Find the real estate owned by a French company

  1. Do a search by person or UBO or company and locate the persons tagged with Land plots or Premisses.  The search operator @realestates yes | @parcels yes in the Persons search will limit the search to those having a land plot or premisses.
  2. Click on @Geotag to locate the land plots on the map. Detailed cadastral information is available in @Locaux/Premises  or @Parcelles/Land Plots.
  3. Locate the Department (two digits) the Place, the two letters Section and the four digits Parcel N°. Exemple: AA 0011. This information is also available in the Parcel Code in Geotag. The first 5 digits of the Parcel Code are the post code and the last letters/digits are the Section and Parcel N° (ex: 302580000D0143 means post code 30258 ST GILLES CAVALES and last 5 symbols are the Section D and the parcel N° 143).
  4. Go to https://www.cadastre.gouv.fr/scpc/accueil.do, Select English and click on “Search by cadastral reference instead”.
  5. Fill the place, the post code, select the department number from the drop down menu, fill the Section and the Parcel N° with the three last digits only. Click on Search
  6. If there is a result the system will give a link to show the parcel on the map. You can zoom on the map and match it with Google Maps.