French Companies Real Estate

Real estate ownership from data.gouv.fr (Nov. 2021), Geocoded data from Koumoul.com, UBO data from inpi.fr. Enter name of country, person, company, siren number, street, city, etc… Click on the number in the results to see the full record. Click on the person or company name to see all the records for this person/company. You can also do partial searches with the * joker. Example: @Nom_Patronymique *ov @realestates yes | @parcels yes returns the people having family names ending at OV, who are linked to companies who owns premisses or land plots in France. The Geotag search locates the land plots, but not the real estate like flats. A list of persons of interest with questionable wealth has been established by investigative journalists team and can be seen here.


The search GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528 found 291 results

# Company Address REF Geotag
17101864 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83047 LA CRAU LA NAVARRE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830470000C1128
Surface: 1990
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.187990, 6.112639
17101865 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83047 LA CRAU LA MAYONETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830470000C1131
Surface: 1540
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.193748, 6.111421
17101922 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83047 LA CRAU LE PETIT BEAULIEU Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830470000C2763
Surface: 141240
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189663, 6.112583
17101923 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83047 LA CRAU LE PETIT BEAULIEU Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830470000C2763
Surface: 141240
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189663, 6.112583
17101924 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83047 LA CRAU LE PETIT BEAULIEU Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830470000C2763
Surface: 141240
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189663, 6.112583
17142444 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0269
Surface: 20335
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188647, 6.116749
17142445 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0270
Surface: 5187
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188708, 6.116703
17142446 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0271
Surface: 3920
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188660, 6.115468
17142447 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0272
Surface: 554
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188870, 6.115709
17142448 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0273
Surface: 4630
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189157, 6.115824
17142449 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0274
Surface: 528
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189348, 6.116141
17142450 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0275
Surface: 4645
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189552, 6.116526
17142451 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0276
Surface: 5250
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189537, 6.116543
17142452 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0277
Surface: 5925
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189434, 6.118736
17142453 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0278
Surface: 868
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189188, 6.119413
17142454 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0279
Surface: 39725
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.190003, 6.120200
17142455 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0279
Surface: 39725
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.190003, 6.120200
17142456 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0282
Surface: 12856
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188684, 6.118760
17142457 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0283
Surface: 9635
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188220, 6.120709
17142458 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0286
Surface: 1650
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189145, 6.122383
17142459 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0290
Surface: 2769
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.190667, 6.122385
17142460 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0291
Surface: 2976
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.190511, 6.121008
17142461 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0292
Surface: 4280
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.190845, 6.121406
17142463 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0331
Surface: 5490
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.190262, 6.125521
17142464 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0332
Surface: 1221
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.190242, 6.126781
17142465 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0333
Surface: 12190
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189476, 6.127310
17142466 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0344
Surface: 1535
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.185852, 6.125039
17142467 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0345
Surface: 99222
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.186531, 6.124750
17142468 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0346
Surface: 2385
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.187867, 6.123979
17142501 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES CANNIERS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0458
Surface: 32605
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.198989, 6.132768
17142502 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES CANNIERS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0459
Surface: 8915
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.199326, 6.130047
17142503 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES CANNIERS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0460
Surface: 5565
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.199969, 6.130582
17142504 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0461
Surface: 42060
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.199644, 6.132680
17142505 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0461
Surface: 42060
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.199644, 6.132680
17142506 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0462
Surface: 8850
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.200890, 6.130645
17142507 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0463
Surface: 3055
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.201261, 6.130585
17142508 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0464
Surface: 28850
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.201936, 6.132375
17142509 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0466
Surface: 8925
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.201830, 6.134265
17142510 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0467
Surface: 605
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.202283, 6.134651
17142511 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0483
Surface: 19215
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.204512, 6.136470
17142512 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0490
Surface: 15850
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.202166, 6.137293
17142513 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0491
Surface: 1211
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.201687, 6.136901
17142514 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0494
Surface: 4380
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.197711, 6.136989
17142515 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0495
Surface: 2295
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.197496, 6.137690
17142516 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0496
Surface: 69870
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.198230, 6.136936
17142517 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0496
Surface: 69870
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.198230, 6.136936
17142518 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0497
Surface: 5780
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.196898, 6.139672
17142519 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0498
Surface: 101585
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.200089, 6.138348
17142520 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0498
Surface: 101585
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.200089, 6.138348
17142521 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0499
Surface: 21220
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.200636, 6.138555
17142522 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0499
Surface: 21220
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.200636, 6.138555
17142523 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0500
Surface: 4275
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.201309, 6.139603
17142524 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE JAS VIEUX Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0501
Surface: 1455
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.199373, 6.141107
17142525 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE ROUCAS EN TRAVERSA Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0502
Surface: 268100
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.203271, 6.153726
17142526 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LE ROUCAS EN TRAVERSA Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0502
Surface: 268100
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.203271, 6.153726
17142527 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES MONGETTES Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0504
Surface: 23425
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.201232, 6.141155
17142528 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES MONGETTES Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0505
Surface: 216325
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.201857, 6.147432
17142529 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES MONGETTES Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0505
Surface: 216325
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.201857, 6.147432
17142530 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES MONGETTES Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0506
Surface: 260525
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.200006, 6.154065
17142531 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES VALLON DES CHATAIGNIERS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0507
Surface: 411200
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.198126, 6.151789
17142532 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES VALLON DES CHATAIGNIERS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0507
Surface: 411200
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.198126, 6.151789
17142533 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES VALLON DES CHATAIGNIERS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0508
Surface: 122725
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.197323, 6.145439
17142534 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES VALLON DES CHATAIGNIERS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0508
Surface: 122725
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.197323, 6.145439
17142570 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES LONES Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0575
Surface: 2110
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.201730, 6.140367
17142571 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0596
Surface: 16530
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.201870, 6.135542
17142572 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0597
Surface: 12715
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.200269, 6.134888
17142574 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0599
Surface: 555
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.202791, 6.135859
17142575 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0600
Surface: 995
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.202481, 6.135112
17142576 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0606
Surface: 380
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.202139, 6.135022
17142577 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0611
Surface: 36940
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.187494, 6.127802
17142579 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0613
Surface: 29840
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188681, 6.129025
17142580 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0613
Surface: 29840
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188681, 6.129025
17142586 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0631
Surface: 715
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.202131, 6.134965
17142599 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C0674
Surface: 97
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.186489, 6.121742
17142644 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C4841
Surface: 3969
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.190403, 6.123440
17142645 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C4843
Surface: 11326
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.190101, 6.122396
17142646 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C4845
Surface: 986
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.190322, 6.120974
17142647 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C4847
Surface: 4347
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189088, 6.122689
17142648 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C4849
Surface: 3355
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188939, 6.119734
17142649 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C4851
Surface: 2580
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188801, 6.119987
17142650 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C4853
Surface: 9309
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188008, 6.122096
17142651 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C4853
Surface: 9309
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188008, 6.122096
17142652 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C4855
Surface: 54850
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.188242, 6.123447
17142654 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LA BASTIDETTE Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C4857
Surface: 14093
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.189416, 6.126578
17142682 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C5024
Surface: 16859
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.203769, 6.137356
17142683 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C5025
Surface: 98263
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.203889, 6.139135
17142684 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C5025
Surface: 98263
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.203889, 6.139135
17142685 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C5026
Surface: 90
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.203298, 6.136432
17142686 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C5027
Surface: 9265
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.202758, 6.137849
17142687 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C5028
Surface: 846
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.203318, 6.136034
17142688 GFA DE MONTAUD U27952528
@Company
@Persons
83069 HYERES LES VALLONS Department: 83
Parcel Code: 830690000C5029
Surface: 4352
Location: Zoom
Google Maps: 43.202680, 6.137307

 

Financial support for this project is provided by Transborder Corruption Archives TBCArchives.org and OCCRP

Investigations using this database:

International:

OCCRP and partners:

Russian Asset Tracker

The Luxury French Real Estate of Alleged Latin American Money Launderers and Officials Accused of Corruption

Russia: 

Сен-Жан-Кап-Ферра наш. Как видные россияне заселили один из самых роскошных курортов мира на Лазурном берегу Франции

Ukraine:

ФІРТАШ МАЄ ВИНОРОБНИЙ БІЗНЕС У ФРАНЦІЇ ЗА 7,6 МІЛЬЙОНІВ ЄВРО

Bulgaria:

Топлофикация – Франция: Как шефка на “топлото” в Перник даде 6.5 милиона заем на тъста на Ковачки за вила на Лазурния бряг

Бившият шеф на енергетиката Милко Ковачев с имот в Биариц

Howto: Find the real estate owned by a French company

  1. Do a search by person or UBO or company and locate the persons tagged with Land plots or Premisses.  The search operator @realestates yes | @parcels yes in the Persons search will limit the search to those having a land plot or premisses.
  2. Click on @Geotag to locate the land plots on the map. Detailed cadastral information is available in @Locaux/Premises  or @Parcelles/Land Plots.
  3. Locate the Department (two digits) the Place, the two letters Section and the four digits Parcel N°. Exemple: AA 0011. This information is also available in the Parcel Code in Geotag. The first 5 digits of the Parcel Code are the post code and the last letters/digits are the Section and Parcel N° (ex: 302580000D0143 means post code 30258 ST GILLES CAVALES and last 5 symbols are the Section D and the parcel N° 143).
  4. Go to https://www.cadastre.gouv.fr/scpc/accueil.do, Select English and click on “Search by cadastral reference instead”.
  5. Fill the place, the post code, select the department number from the drop down menu, fill the Section and the Parcel N° with the three last digits only. Click on Search
  6. If there is a result the system will give a link to show the parcel on the map. You can zoom on the map and match it with Google Maps.