BIRD.BG FRESTATE

Real estate ownership from data.gouv.fr (Nov. 2021), Geocoded data from Koumoul.com, UBO data from inpi.fr. Enter name of country, person, company, siren number, street, city, etc… Click on the number in the results to see the full record. Click on the person or company name to see all the records for this person/company. You can also do partial searches with the * joker. Example: @Nom_Patronymique *ov @realestates yes | @parcels yes returns the people having family names ending at OV, who are linked to companies who owns premisses or land plots in France. The Geotag search locates the land plots, but not the real estate like flats. A list of persons of interest with questionable wealth has been established by investigative journalists team and can be seen here.

Persons: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Nom_Greffe @Numero_Gestion @Siren @Type @Nom_Patronymique @Nom_Usage @Pseudonyme @Prenoms @Denomination @Forme_Juridique @Adresse_Ligne1 @Adresse_Ligne2 @Adresse_Ligne3 @Ville @Code_Commune @Pays @Date_Naissance @Ville_Naissance @Pays_Naissance @Nationalite @Qualite @Rep_Perm_Nom @Rep_Perm_Nom_Usage @Rep_Perm_Prénoms @Rep_Perm_Date_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Ville_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Pays_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Nationalité @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne1 @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne2 @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne3 @Rep_Perm_Ville @Rep_Perm_Pays @date_greffe @Libelle_Evt @filename @department @rep_date @realestates @parcels @ubo @poi @vip
Premisses: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @batiment_identification_du_local @entree_identification_du_local @niveau_identification_du_local @porte_identification_du_local @ndeg_voirie_adresse_du_local @indice_de_repetition_adresse_du_local @code_voie_majic_adresse_du_local @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_du_local @nature_voie_adresse_du_local @nom_voie_adresse_du_local @code_droit_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_du_local @groupe_personne_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_du_local @denomination_proprietaires_du_local @poi @vip
Parcels: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @ndeg_de_voirie_adresse_parcelle @indice_de_repetition_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_majic_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_parcelle @nature_voie_adresse_parcelle @nom_voie_adresse_parcelle @contenance_caracteristiques_parcelle @suf_evaluation_suf @nature_culture_evaluation_suf @contenance_evaluation_suf @code_droit_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_parcelle @groupe_personne_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_parcelle @denomination_proprietaires_parcelle @realestates @parcels @vip
Geoloc: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Departement @Code Commune @Nom Commune @Adresse @Code parcelle @Code voie rivoli @SUF @Nature culture @Code droit @NMAJIC @NSIREN @Groupe personne @Forme juridique abregee @Denomination @vip

Countries: 1941-10-03 1952-02-25 1954-06-25 1961-10-08 1975-08-27 1977-01-13 1986-03-16 32400 Riscle ABU DHABI AFGHANISTAN AFRIQUE Afrique du Sud Albanie Algerie Allemagne Andorre Angleterre ANGOLA ANGUILLA ANTIGUA ET BARBUDA Antigua-Et-Barbuda ANTILLE NEERLANDAISES ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES (C APATRIDE ARABIE SAOUDITE Argentine Arménie AUSTRALIE AUTRES PAYS Autriche AZERBAIDJAN Bahamas Bahreïn Bangladesh BARBADE BELARUS Belgique Belize BELIZE (Ex HONDURAS BRITA BENIN Bermudes BIELORUSSIE BOLIVIE Bosnie-Herzegovine Botswana Brésil Brésilienne Brunei BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Bulgarie BURKINA Burkina Faso Burundi CAIMANES (ILES) CAIMANS (ILES) Cambodge CAMBODGE (Ex KAMPUCHEA) Cameroun Canada CAP-VERT Centrafricaine (Republiqu CHILI Chine Chypre Colombie Comores Congo CONGO BRAZZAVILLE (REPUBL CONGO KINSHASA (REPUBLIQU Congo-Kinshasa (Rép. Démo COREE (REP. POP. DEMOCRAT COREE (REPUBLIQUE DE) Corée du Nord COREE DU NORD (REPUBLIQUE Corée du Sud COREE DU SUD (REPUBLIQUE COSTA RICA COTE D'IVOIRE Croatie Cuba Danemark Djibouti DOMINICAINE (REPUBLIQUE) DOMINIQUE DUBAI Egypte EL SALVADOR Emirats arabes unis EQUATEUR Espagne ESTONIE Etats Unis D'Amerique Etats-Unis Etats-Unis d'Amérique Ethiopie Fidji Finlande France FRANCE METROPOLITAINE Gabon Gambie GEORGIE Ghana GIBRALTAR GRECE Grenade GUADELOUPE GUADELOUPE (DEPARTEMENT) GUATEMALA Guinee GUINEE EQUATORIALE GUINEE-BISSAU Guyana GUYANE FRANÇAISE HAITI HONDURAS Hong Kong Hong-Kong HONGRIE ILE DE MAN ILE MAURICE ILES MINEURES ELOIGNEES D ILES SALOMON Iles Vierges (Britaniques ILES VIERGES (BRITANNIQUE ILES VIERGES (USA) ILES VIERGES BRITANNIQUES ILES WALLIS ET FUTUNA Inconnu INCONNU (NE PAS AFFICHER) Inde Indonésie IRAK Iran Iraq Irlande IRLANDE, OU EIRE Islande Israël Italie Jamaïque Japon Jersey Jordanie Kazakhstan Kenya Kirghizistan Kosovo Koweït LA REUNION Laos LAOS (REP. DEMOCRATIQUE P LAOS (RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRAT Lesotho Lettonie LIBAN LIBERIA Libye Liechtenstein LITUANIE londres Luxembourg MACAO MACEDOINE Madagascar MALAISIE MALDIVES MALI Malte Mariannes du Nord (îles) Maroc Marshall (Iles) MARTINIQUE MARTINIQUE (DEPARTEMENT) Maurice Mauritanie MAYOTTE Mexique Moldavie MOLDAVIE (REPUBLIQUE DE) MOLDOVA (REPUBLIQUE DE) MONACO Mongolie MONTENEGRO MONTENEGRO (REPUBLIQUE) Mozambique MYANMAR MYANMAR (Ex BIRMANIE) Namibie NEPAL NICARAGUA Niger NIGERIA NORVEGE NOUVELLE CALEDONIE Nouvelle Zelande NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE Nouvelle-Zélande OMAN Ouganda Ouzbekistan PAKISTAN Palestine Panama Paraguay PAYS BAS PAYS-BAS Pérou PHILIPPINES Pologne POLYNESIE FRANCAISE PORTO RICO Portugal Qatar République centrafricaine Republique Democratique C République démocratique d République dominicaine REPUBLIQUE DU CAP VERT REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO REPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE République Tchèque REUNION (DEPARTEMENT) ROUMANIE ROYAUME UNI Royaume-Uni Russie RUSSIE (FEDERATION DE) RWANDA SAINT-BARTHELEMY Saint-Christophe-et-Niévè Saint-Marin SAINT-VINCENT ET GRENADIN SAINT-VINCENT-ET-LES-GREN SAINTE HELENE SAINTE-LUCIE SÉNÉGAL SERBIE SERBIE DE (REPUBLIQUE) SERBIE ET MONTENEGRO Serbie-Et-Monténégro Seychelles SEYCHELLES ET DEPENDANCES SHARJAH SIERRA LEONE Singapour SLOVAQUIE Slovénie Somalie SOUDAN SRI LANKA Suède Suisse Swaziland SYRIE SYRIENNE (REPUBLIQUE ARAB Tadjikistan Taiwan Taïwan (province de Chine Tanzanie Tchad Tchécoslovaquie Tcheque (Republique) TCHEQUIE Thaïlande TIMOR ORIENTAL Togo Trinite Et Tobago TRINITE-ET-TOBAGO Tunisie Turkmenistan Turquie U.R.S.S. UKRAINE UNION EUROPEENNE URSS Uruguay US Vanuatu VANUATU (ANC NLLES HEBRID VATICAN (SAINT-SIEGE) Venezuela VIERGES BRITANNIQUES (ILE Viêt Nam VIETNAM Yemen YOUGOSLAVIE ZAIRE ZAMBIE Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE (Ex RHODESIE)

UBO Citizenships: -AFGHANEALBANAISEALGERIENNEALLEMANDALLEMANDEAMERICAINEAMERICAINE (ETATS UNIS)ANDORRANEANGLAISANGLAISEAPATRIDEARGENTINEARMENIENNEAUSTRALIENNEAUTRICHIENNEAZERBAIDJANAISEBAHREINIENNEBELGEBENINOISEBIELORUSSEBosniaqueBRESILIENNEBRITANIQUEBRITANNIQUEBULGARECAMBODGIENNECAMEROUNAISECANADIENNECentrafricaineChilienneChinoiseCHYPRIOTECOLOMBIENNECOMORIENNECONGOLAISECoreenneCOSTARICAINECroateDANOISEdes Émirats arabes unisdu BruneiEGYPTIENNEEMIRIENNEEQUATORIENNEESPAGNOLEESTONIENNEFFANCAISEFinlandaiseFRAFRANCAISFRANCAISEFRANCAISE ET SUISSEFRANCAISE/BRITANNIQUEGRECQUEHAITIENNEHOLLANDAISEHONG KONGHong-KongHONGROISEIndienneINDONESIENNEIRANIENNEIRLANDAISEIslandaiseISRAELIENNEITALIENNEIVOIRIENNEJaponaiseJORDANIENNEKazakheKOWEITIENNELIBANAISELibyenneLITUANIENNELUXLUXEMBOURGEOISEMALAISIENNEMalgacheMALIENNEMALTAISEMAROCAINEMAURICIENNEMEXICAINEMOLDAVEMonégasqueMONGOLENEERLANDAISNEERLANDAISEnéo ZélandaiseNEW-ZELANDAISNORVEGIENNEPAKISTANAISEPANAMEENNEPHILIPPINEPOLONAISEPortugaiseQATARIENNEROUMAINERusseSAOUDIENNESénégalaiseSERBESINGAPOURIENNESIUSSESLOVAQUESRI-LANKAISESud-AfricaineSUD-COREENNESUEDOISESUISSESyrienneTADJIKETAIWANAISTBCTCHEQUETHAILANDAISETOGOLAISETrinidadienneTUNISIENNETURQUEUKRAINIENNEVENEZUELIENNEVietnamienneYéméniteYOUGOSLAVE

The search 11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER found 38 results

#	Company	Address	REF Geotag
1978306	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0268 Surface: 715 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.395170, 2.348618
1978307	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0269 Surface: 2650 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.395231, 2.348900
1978308	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0270 Surface: 5135 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.395572, 2.349206
1978309	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0271 Surface: 13230 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.396129, 2.350025
1978310	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0272 Surface: 13160 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.395650, 2.351535
1978311	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0273 Surface: 3545 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394851, 2.350942
1978312	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0274 Surface: 3485 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.395240, 2.350483
1978313	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0275 Surface: 3060 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394925, 2.350139
1978314	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0276 Surface: 6405 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394561, 2.349568
1978315	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0277 Surface: 9980 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.393931, 2.349663
1978316	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0278 Surface: 4165 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394739, 2.351365
1978317	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0279 Surface: 1410 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394416, 2.351164
1978318	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0280 Surface: 2445 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394671, 2.352056
1978319	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0281 Surface: 4565 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.395061, 2.352427
1978320	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0282 Surface: 980 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394626, 2.352721
1978321	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0283 Surface: 3615 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394488, 2.353255
1978322	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0284 Surface: 1165 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394490, 2.352485
1978323	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0285 Surface: 1045 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394244, 2.352280
1978324	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0286 Surface: 1815 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394237, 2.351883
1978325	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0287 Surface: 17170 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.393531, 2.350345
1978326	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0288 Surface: 6410 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.392465, 2.350148
1978327	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0289 Surface: 57570 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.393513, 2.352771
1978328	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0290 Surface: 2455 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.394228, 2.353390
1978329	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0291 Surface: 1700 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.393570, 2.354137
1978330	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0292 Surface: 3550 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.392173, 2.353830
1978331	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0293 Surface: 5375 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.391564, 2.353865
1978332	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0294 Surface: 5825 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.391467, 2.352999
1978333	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0295 Surface: 15870 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.391634, 2.352154
1978334	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0296 Surface: 1743 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.390970, 2.350531
1978335	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0297 Surface: 3030 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.391464, 2.350754
1978336	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0298 Surface: 2370 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.392110, 2.351142
1978337	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER DU FAU GRAND U26965384 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0299 Surface: 13050 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.391551, 2.349353
1978338	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0300 Surface: 6550 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.391067, 2.350121
1978339	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0300 Surface: 6550 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.391067, 2.350121
1978340	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0301 Surface: 6620 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.390771, 2.349405
1978356	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0571 Surface: 350 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.390982, 2.350786
1978357	DU BERNADEL GFO 431438647 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0572 Surface: 2050 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.390240, 2.349712
1978358	GROUPEMENT FORESTIER LA PERRIERE GFO 493949275 @Company @Persons	11232 MIRAVAL-CABARDES LE CARNIER	Department: 11 Parcel Code: 112320000C0573 Surface: 67700 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 43.390051, 2.351791

Financial support for this project is provided by Transborder Corruption Archives TBCArchives.org and OCCRP

Investigations using this database:

International:

OCCRP and partners:

Russian Asset Tracker

The Luxury French Real Estate of Alleged Latin American Money Launderers and Officials Accused of Corruption

Russia:

Сен-Жан-Кап-Ферра наш. Как видные россияне заселили один из самых роскошных курортов мира на Лазурном берегу Франции

Ukraine:

ФІРТАШ МАЄ ВИНОРОБНИЙ БІЗНЕС У ФРАНЦІЇ ЗА 7,6 МІЛЬЙОНІВ ЄВРО

Bulgaria:

Топлофикация – Франция: Как шефка на “топлото” в Перник даде 6.5 милиона заем на тъста на Ковачки за вила на Лазурния бряг

Бившият шеф на енергетиката Милко Ковачев с имот в Биариц

Howto: Find the real estate owned by a French company

Do a search by person or UBO or company and locate the persons tagged with Land plots or Premisses. The search operator @realestates yes | @parcels yes in the Persons search will limit the search to those having a land plot or premisses.
Click on @Geotag to locate the land plots on the map. Detailed cadastral information is available in @Locaux/Premises or @Parcelles/Land Plots.
Locate the Department (two digits) the Place, the two letters Section and the four digits Parcel N°. Exemple: AA 0011. This information is also available in the Parcel Code in Geotag. The first 5 digits of the Parcel Code are the post code and the last letters/digits are the Section and Parcel N° (ex: 302580000D0143 means post code 30258 ST GILLES CAVALES and last 5 symbols are the Section D and the parcel N° 143).
Go to https://www.cadastre.gouv.fr/scpc/accueil.do, Select English and click on “Search by cadastral reference instead”.
Fill the place, the post code, select the department number from the drop down menu, fill the Section and the Parcel N° with the three last digits only. Click on Search
If there is a result the system will give a link to show the parcel on the map. You can zoom on the map and match it with Google Maps.