BIRD.BG FRESTATE

Real estate ownership from data.gouv.fr (Nov. 2021), Geocoded data from Koumoul.com, UBO data from inpi.fr. Enter name of country, person, company, siren number, street, city, etc… Click on the number in the results to see the full record. Click on the person or company name to see all the records for this person/company. You can also do partial searches with the * joker. Example: @Nom_Patronymique *ov @realestates yes | @parcels yes returns the people having family names ending at OV, who are linked to companies who owns premisses or land plots in France. The Geotag search locates the land plots, but not the real estate like flats. A list of persons of interest with questionable wealth has been established by investigative journalists team and can be seen here.

Persons: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Nom_Greffe @Numero_Gestion @Siren @Type @Nom_Patronymique @Nom_Usage @Pseudonyme @Prenoms @Denomination @Forme_Juridique @Adresse_Ligne1 @Adresse_Ligne2 @Adresse_Ligne3 @Ville @Code_Commune @Pays @Date_Naissance @Ville_Naissance @Pays_Naissance @Nationalite @Qualite @Rep_Perm_Nom @Rep_Perm_Nom_Usage @Rep_Perm_Prénoms @Rep_Perm_Date_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Ville_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Pays_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Nationalité @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne1 @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne2 @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne3 @Rep_Perm_Ville @Rep_Perm_Pays @date_greffe @Libelle_Evt @filename @department @rep_date @realestates @parcels @ubo @poi @vip
Premisses: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @batiment_identification_du_local @entree_identification_du_local @niveau_identification_du_local @porte_identification_du_local @ndeg_voirie_adresse_du_local @indice_de_repetition_adresse_du_local @code_voie_majic_adresse_du_local @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_du_local @nature_voie_adresse_du_local @nom_voie_adresse_du_local @code_droit_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_du_local @groupe_personne_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_du_local @denomination_proprietaires_du_local @poi @vip
Parcels: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @ndeg_de_voirie_adresse_parcelle @indice_de_repetition_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_majic_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_parcelle @nature_voie_adresse_parcelle @nom_voie_adresse_parcelle @contenance_caracteristiques_parcelle @suf_evaluation_suf @nature_culture_evaluation_suf @contenance_evaluation_suf @code_droit_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_parcelle @groupe_personne_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_parcelle @denomination_proprietaires_parcelle @realestates @parcels @vip
Geoloc: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Departement @Code Commune @Nom Commune @Adresse @Code parcelle @Code voie rivoli @SUF @Nature culture @Code droit @NMAJIC @NSIREN @Groupe personne @Forme juridique abregee @Denomination @vip

Countries: 1941-10-03 1952-02-25 1954-06-25 1961-10-08 1975-08-27 1977-01-13 1986-03-16 32400 Riscle ABU DHABI AFGHANISTAN AFRIQUE Afrique du Sud Albanie Algerie Allemagne Andorre Angleterre ANGOLA ANGUILLA ANTIGUA ET BARBUDA Antigua-Et-Barbuda ANTILLE NEERLANDAISES ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES (C APATRIDE ARABIE SAOUDITE Argentine Arménie AUSTRALIE AUTRES PAYS Autriche AZERBAIDJAN Bahamas Bahreïn Bangladesh BARBADE BELARUS Belgique Belize BELIZE (Ex HONDURAS BRITA BENIN Bermudes BIELORUSSIE BOLIVIE Bosnie-Herzegovine Botswana Brésil Brésilienne Brunei BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Bulgarie BURKINA Burkina Faso Burundi CAIMANES (ILES) CAIMANS (ILES) Cambodge CAMBODGE (Ex KAMPUCHEA) Cameroun Canada CAP-VERT Centrafricaine (Republiqu CHILI Chine Chypre Colombie Comores Congo CONGO BRAZZAVILLE (REPUBL CONGO KINSHASA (REPUBLIQU Congo-Kinshasa (Rép. Démo COREE (REP. POP. DEMOCRAT COREE (REPUBLIQUE DE) Corée du Nord COREE DU NORD (REPUBLIQUE Corée du Sud COREE DU SUD (REPUBLIQUE COSTA RICA COTE D'IVOIRE Croatie Cuba Danemark Djibouti DOMINICAINE (REPUBLIQUE) DOMINIQUE DUBAI Egypte EL SALVADOR Emirats arabes unis EQUATEUR Espagne ESTONIE Etats Unis D'Amerique Etats-Unis Etats-Unis d'Amérique Ethiopie Fidji Finlande France FRANCE METROPOLITAINE Gabon Gambie GEORGIE Ghana GIBRALTAR GRECE Grenade GUADELOUPE GUADELOUPE (DEPARTEMENT) GUATEMALA Guinee GUINEE EQUATORIALE GUINEE-BISSAU Guyana GUYANE FRANÇAISE HAITI HONDURAS Hong Kong Hong-Kong HONGRIE ILE DE MAN ILE MAURICE ILES MINEURES ELOIGNEES D ILES SALOMON Iles Vierges (Britaniques ILES VIERGES (BRITANNIQUE ILES VIERGES (USA) ILES VIERGES BRITANNIQUES ILES WALLIS ET FUTUNA Inconnu INCONNU (NE PAS AFFICHER) Inde Indonésie IRAK Iran Iraq Irlande IRLANDE, OU EIRE Islande Israël Italie Jamaïque Japon Jersey Jordanie Kazakhstan Kenya Kirghizistan Kosovo Koweït LA REUNION Laos LAOS (REP. DEMOCRATIQUE P LAOS (RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRAT Lesotho Lettonie LIBAN LIBERIA Libye Liechtenstein LITUANIE londres Luxembourg MACAO MACEDOINE Madagascar MALAISIE MALDIVES MALI Malte Mariannes du Nord (îles) Maroc Marshall (Iles) MARTINIQUE MARTINIQUE (DEPARTEMENT) Maurice Mauritanie MAYOTTE Mexique Moldavie MOLDAVIE (REPUBLIQUE DE) MOLDOVA (REPUBLIQUE DE) MONACO Mongolie MONTENEGRO MONTENEGRO (REPUBLIQUE) Mozambique MYANMAR MYANMAR (Ex BIRMANIE) Namibie NEPAL NICARAGUA Niger NIGERIA NORVEGE NOUVELLE CALEDONIE Nouvelle Zelande NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE Nouvelle-Zélande OMAN Ouganda Ouzbekistan PAKISTAN Palestine Panama Paraguay PAYS BAS PAYS-BAS Pérou PHILIPPINES Pologne POLYNESIE FRANCAISE PORTO RICO Portugal Qatar République centrafricaine Republique Democratique C République démocratique d République dominicaine REPUBLIQUE DU CAP VERT REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO REPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE République Tchèque REUNION (DEPARTEMENT) ROUMANIE ROYAUME UNI Royaume-Uni Russie RUSSIE (FEDERATION DE) RWANDA SAINT-BARTHELEMY Saint-Christophe-et-Niévè Saint-Marin SAINT-VINCENT ET GRENADIN SAINT-VINCENT-ET-LES-GREN SAINTE HELENE SAINTE-LUCIE SÉNÉGAL SERBIE SERBIE DE (REPUBLIQUE) SERBIE ET MONTENEGRO Serbie-Et-Monténégro Seychelles SEYCHELLES ET DEPENDANCES SHARJAH SIERRA LEONE Singapour SLOVAQUIE Slovénie Somalie SOUDAN SRI LANKA Suède Suisse Swaziland SYRIE SYRIENNE (REPUBLIQUE ARAB Tadjikistan Taiwan Taïwan (province de Chine Tanzanie Tchad Tchécoslovaquie Tcheque (Republique) TCHEQUIE Thaïlande TIMOR ORIENTAL Togo Trinite Et Tobago TRINITE-ET-TOBAGO Tunisie Turkmenistan Turquie U.R.S.S. UKRAINE UNION EUROPEENNE URSS Uruguay US Vanuatu VANUATU (ANC NLLES HEBRID VATICAN (SAINT-SIEGE) Venezuela VIERGES BRITANNIQUES (ILE Viêt Nam VIETNAM Yemen YOUGOSLAVIE ZAIRE ZAMBIE Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE (Ex RHODESIE)

UBO Citizenships: -AFGHANEALBANAISEALGERIENNEALLEMANDALLEMANDEAMERICAINEAMERICAINE (ETATS UNIS)ANDORRANEANGLAISANGLAISEAPATRIDEARGENTINEARMENIENNEAUSTRALIENNEAUTRICHIENNEAZERBAIDJANAISEBAHREINIENNEBELGEBENINOISEBIELORUSSEBosniaqueBRESILIENNEBRITANIQUEBRITANNIQUEBULGARECAMBODGIENNECAMEROUNAISECANADIENNECentrafricaineChilienneChinoiseCHYPRIOTECOLOMBIENNECOMORIENNECONGOLAISECoreenneCOSTARICAINECroateDANOISEdes Émirats arabes unisdu BruneiEGYPTIENNEEMIRIENNEEQUATORIENNEESPAGNOLEESTONIENNEFFANCAISEFinlandaiseFRAFRANCAISFRANCAISEFRANCAISE ET SUISSEFRANCAISE/BRITANNIQUEGRECQUEHAITIENNEHOLLANDAISEHONG KONGHong-KongHONGROISEIndienneINDONESIENNEIRANIENNEIRLANDAISEIslandaiseISRAELIENNEITALIENNEIVOIRIENNEJaponaiseJORDANIENNEKazakheKOWEITIENNELIBANAISELibyenneLITUANIENNELUXLUXEMBOURGEOISEMALAISIENNEMalgacheMALIENNEMALTAISEMAROCAINEMAURICIENNEMEXICAINEMOLDAVEMonégasqueMONGOLENEERLANDAISNEERLANDAISEnéo ZélandaiseNEW-ZELANDAISNORVEGIENNEPAKISTANAISEPANAMEENNEPHILIPPINEPOLONAISEPortugaiseQATARIENNEROUMAINERusseSAOUDIENNESénégalaiseSERBESINGAPOURIENNESIUSSESLOVAQUESRI-LANKAISESud-AfricaineSUD-COREENNESUEDOISESUISSESyrienneTADJIKETAIWANAISTBCTCHEQUETHAILANDAISETOGOLAISETrinidadienneTUNISIENNETURQUEUKRAINIENNEVENEZUELIENNEVietnamienneYéméniteYOUGOSLAVE

The search 35115 FOUGERES PARON found 42 results

#	Company	Address	REF Geotag
7145616	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BC0073 Surface: 230 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.356326, -1.186185
7145621	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BC0086 Surface: 8232 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.356856, -1.184248
7145624	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BC0100 Surface: 4262 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.356366, -1.183743
7145625	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BC0101 Surface: 490 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.356269, -1.175840
7145626	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BC0102 Surface: 1987 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.356319, -1.175881
7145627	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BC0103 Surface: 140053 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.357281, -1.178962
7145628	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BC0103 Surface: 140053 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.357281, -1.178962
7145642	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BC0120 Surface: 15062 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.358866, -1.180467
7145643	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0003 Surface: 7020 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.356133, -1.188442
7145645	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0014 Surface: 796 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.355331, -1.182551
7145646	ENEDIS SA 444608442 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0019 Surface: 5 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354950, -1.179867
7145647	ENEDIS SA 444608442 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0019 Surface: 5 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354950, -1.179867
7145687	SAINT-JEAN-DE-TERRE-SAINTE SCI 428280226 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0298 Surface: 2500 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.353848, -1.182849
7145769	DE PARON SCI 422599159 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0618 Surface: 2509 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.355449, -1.185119
7145770	DE PARON SCI 422599159 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0624 Surface: 1129 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.355581, -1.184618
7145771	DE PARON SCI 422599159 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0626 Surface: 2569 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.355534, -1.184066
7145793	SCI SPOT PARON SCI 843198458 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES 0016, BD DE GROSLAY	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0692 Surface: 478 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354916, -1.186876
7145794	SCI SPOT PARON SCI 843198458 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES 0016, BD DE GROSLAY	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0694 Surface: 1330 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354898, -1.187116
7145795	SCI SPOT PARON SCI 843198458 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES 0016, BD DE GROSLAY	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0696 Surface: 192 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354918, -1.186949
7145804	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0715 Surface: 21 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.355306, -1.183570
7145805	DE PARON SCI 422599159 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0716 Surface: 268 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.355558, -1.183687
7145806	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0717 Surface: 153 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354980, -1.183684
7145807	DE PARON SCI 422599159 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES 9435, RUE DES COMPAGNONS D EMMAUS	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0718 Surface: 6036 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354996, -1.184161
7145808	DE PARON SCI 422599159 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0719 Surface: 247 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354551, -1.184021
7145809	DE PARON SCI 422599159 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES RTE DE LA CHAPELLE JANSON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0721 Surface: 484 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.355091, -1.184667
7145810	DE PARON SCI 422599159 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES 0005, RUE DES COMPAGNONS D EMMAUS	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0723 Surface: 6196 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354847, -1.185216
7145819	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0741 Surface: 4728 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.356044, -1.187918
7145835	2PCS SCI 837889427 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0780 Surface: 169 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354197, -1.185901
7145857	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0838 Surface: 536 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354663, -1.186362
7145859	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0849 Surface: 725 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354468, -1.183846
7145860	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0851 Surface: 1357 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354952, -1.183596
7145861	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0852 Surface: 1578 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354407, -1.182471
7145862	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0853 Surface: 126 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354194, -1.183368
7145863	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0854 Surface: 4 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.353770, -1.182385
7145868	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0867 Surface: 4209 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.355118, -1.185612
7145882	COMMUNAUTE EMMAUS PARON FONDATEUR ABBE PIERRE ASS U28395317 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0893 Surface: 2097 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.353954, -1.184387
7145883	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0894 Surface: 276 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.353445, -1.184345
7145884	COMMUNAUTE EMMAUS PARON FONDATEUR ABBE PIERRE ASS U28395317 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES RTE DE LA CHAPELLE JANSON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0895 Surface: 488 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.353883, -1.184235
7145886	COMMUNAUTE EMMAUS PARON FONDATEUR ABBE PIERRE ASS U28395317 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0897 Surface: 6837 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.353838, -1.183976
7145887	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD0898 Surface: 1359 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.354052, -1.183339
7145958	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD1031 Surface: 830 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.356206, -1.184144
7145959	COMMUNE DE FOUGERES COM 213501158 @Company @Persons	35115 FOUGERES PARON	Department: 35 Parcel Code: 35115000BD1032 Surface: 3110 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 48.355831, -1.183616

Financial support for this project is provided by Transborder Corruption Archives TBCArchives.org and OCCRP

Investigations using this database:

International:

OCCRP and partners:

Russian Asset Tracker

The Luxury French Real Estate of Alleged Latin American Money Launderers and Officials Accused of Corruption

Russia:

Сен-Жан-Кап-Ферра наш. Как видные россияне заселили один из самых роскошных курортов мира на Лазурном берегу Франции

Ukraine:

ФІРТАШ МАЄ ВИНОРОБНИЙ БІЗНЕС У ФРАНЦІЇ ЗА 7,6 МІЛЬЙОНІВ ЄВРО

Bulgaria:

Топлофикация – Франция: Как шефка на “топлото” в Перник даде 6.5 милиона заем на тъста на Ковачки за вила на Лазурния бряг

Бившият шеф на енергетиката Милко Ковачев с имот в Биариц

Howto: Find the real estate owned by a French company

Do a search by person or UBO or company and locate the persons tagged with Land plots or Premisses. The search operator @realestates yes | @parcels yes in the Persons search will limit the search to those having a land plot or premisses.
Click on @Geotag to locate the land plots on the map. Detailed cadastral information is available in @Locaux/Premises or @Parcelles/Land Plots.
Locate the Department (two digits) the Place, the two letters Section and the four digits Parcel N°. Exemple: AA 0011. This information is also available in the Parcel Code in Geotag. The first 5 digits of the Parcel Code are the post code and the last letters/digits are the Section and Parcel N° (ex: 302580000D0143 means post code 30258 ST GILLES CAVALES and last 5 symbols are the Section D and the parcel N° 143).
Go to https://www.cadastre.gouv.fr/scpc/accueil.do, Select English and click on “Search by cadastral reference instead”.
Fill the place, the post code, select the department number from the drop down menu, fill the Section and the Parcel N° with the three last digits only. Click on Search
If there is a result the system will give a link to show the parcel on the map. You can zoom on the map and match it with Google Maps.