BIRD.BG FRESTATE

Real estate ownership from data.gouv.fr (Nov. 2021), Geocoded data from Koumoul.com, UBO data from inpi.fr. Enter name of country, person, company, siren number, street, city, etc… Click on the number in the results to see the full record. Click on the person or company name to see all the records for this person/company. You can also do partial searches with the * joker. Example: @Nom_Patronymique *ov @realestates yes | @parcels yes returns the people having family names ending at OV, who are linked to companies who owns premisses or land plots in France. The Geotag search locates the land plots, but not the real estate like flats. A list of persons of interest with questionable wealth has been established by investigative journalists team and can be seen here.

Persons: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Nom_Greffe @Numero_Gestion @Siren @Type @Nom_Patronymique @Nom_Usage @Pseudonyme @Prenoms @Denomination @Forme_Juridique @Adresse_Ligne1 @Adresse_Ligne2 @Adresse_Ligne3 @Ville @Code_Commune @Pays @Date_Naissance @Ville_Naissance @Pays_Naissance @Nationalite @Qualite @Rep_Perm_Nom @Rep_Perm_Nom_Usage @Rep_Perm_Prénoms @Rep_Perm_Date_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Ville_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Pays_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Nationalité @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne1 @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne2 @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne3 @Rep_Perm_Ville @Rep_Perm_Pays @date_greffe @Libelle_Evt @filename @department @rep_date @realestates @parcels @ubo @poi @vip
Premisses: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @batiment_identification_du_local @entree_identification_du_local @niveau_identification_du_local @porte_identification_du_local @ndeg_voirie_adresse_du_local @indice_de_repetition_adresse_du_local @code_voie_majic_adresse_du_local @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_du_local @nature_voie_adresse_du_local @nom_voie_adresse_du_local @code_droit_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_du_local @groupe_personne_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_du_local @denomination_proprietaires_du_local @poi @vip
Parcels: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @ndeg_de_voirie_adresse_parcelle @indice_de_repetition_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_majic_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_parcelle @nature_voie_adresse_parcelle @nom_voie_adresse_parcelle @contenance_caracteristiques_parcelle @suf_evaluation_suf @nature_culture_evaluation_suf @contenance_evaluation_suf @code_droit_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_parcelle @groupe_personne_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_parcelle @denomination_proprietaires_parcelle @realestates @parcels @vip
Geoloc: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Departement @Code Commune @Nom Commune @Adresse @Code parcelle @Code voie rivoli @SUF @Nature culture @Code droit @NMAJIC @NSIREN @Groupe personne @Forme juridique abregee @Denomination @vip

Countries: 1941-10-03 1952-02-25 1954-06-25 1961-10-08 1975-08-27 1977-01-13 1986-03-16 32400 Riscle ABU DHABI AFGHANISTAN AFRIQUE Afrique du Sud Albanie Algerie Allemagne Andorre Angleterre ANGOLA ANGUILLA ANTIGUA ET BARBUDA Antigua-Et-Barbuda ANTILLE NEERLANDAISES ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES (C APATRIDE ARABIE SAOUDITE Argentine Arménie AUSTRALIE AUTRES PAYS Autriche AZERBAIDJAN Bahamas Bahreïn Bangladesh BARBADE BELARUS Belgique Belize BELIZE (Ex HONDURAS BRITA BENIN Bermudes BIELORUSSIE BOLIVIE Bosnie-Herzegovine Botswana Brésil Brésilienne Brunei BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Bulgarie BURKINA Burkina Faso Burundi CAIMANES (ILES) CAIMANS (ILES) Cambodge CAMBODGE (Ex KAMPUCHEA) Cameroun Canada CAP-VERT Centrafricaine (Republiqu CHILI Chine Chypre Colombie Comores Congo CONGO BRAZZAVILLE (REPUBL CONGO KINSHASA (REPUBLIQU Congo-Kinshasa (Rép. Démo COREE (REP. POP. DEMOCRAT COREE (REPUBLIQUE DE) Corée du Nord COREE DU NORD (REPUBLIQUE Corée du Sud COREE DU SUD (REPUBLIQUE COSTA RICA COTE D'IVOIRE Croatie Cuba Danemark Djibouti DOMINICAINE (REPUBLIQUE) DOMINIQUE DUBAI Egypte EL SALVADOR Emirats arabes unis EQUATEUR Espagne ESTONIE Etats Unis D'Amerique Etats-Unis Etats-Unis d'Amérique Ethiopie Fidji Finlande France FRANCE METROPOLITAINE Gabon Gambie GEORGIE Ghana GIBRALTAR GRECE Grenade GUADELOUPE GUADELOUPE (DEPARTEMENT) GUATEMALA Guinee GUINEE EQUATORIALE GUINEE-BISSAU Guyana GUYANE FRANÇAISE HAITI HONDURAS Hong Kong Hong-Kong HONGRIE ILE DE MAN ILE MAURICE ILES MINEURES ELOIGNEES D ILES SALOMON Iles Vierges (Britaniques ILES VIERGES (BRITANNIQUE ILES VIERGES (USA) ILES VIERGES BRITANNIQUES ILES WALLIS ET FUTUNA Inconnu INCONNU (NE PAS AFFICHER) Inde Indonésie IRAK Iran Iraq Irlande IRLANDE, OU EIRE Islande Israël Italie Jamaïque Japon Jersey Jordanie Kazakhstan Kenya Kirghizistan Kosovo Koweït LA REUNION Laos LAOS (REP. DEMOCRATIQUE P LAOS (RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRAT Lesotho Lettonie LIBAN LIBERIA Libye Liechtenstein LITUANIE londres Luxembourg MACAO MACEDOINE Madagascar MALAISIE MALDIVES MALI Malte Mariannes du Nord (îles) Maroc Marshall (Iles) MARTINIQUE MARTINIQUE (DEPARTEMENT) Maurice Mauritanie MAYOTTE Mexique Moldavie MOLDAVIE (REPUBLIQUE DE) MOLDOVA (REPUBLIQUE DE) MONACO Mongolie MONTENEGRO MONTENEGRO (REPUBLIQUE) Mozambique MYANMAR MYANMAR (Ex BIRMANIE) Namibie NEPAL NICARAGUA Niger NIGERIA NORVEGE NOUVELLE CALEDONIE Nouvelle Zelande NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE Nouvelle-Zélande OMAN Ouganda Ouzbekistan PAKISTAN Palestine Panama Paraguay PAYS BAS PAYS-BAS Pérou PHILIPPINES Pologne POLYNESIE FRANCAISE PORTO RICO Portugal Qatar République centrafricaine Republique Democratique C République démocratique d République dominicaine REPUBLIQUE DU CAP VERT REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO REPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE République Tchèque REUNION (DEPARTEMENT) ROUMANIE ROYAUME UNI Royaume-Uni Russie RUSSIE (FEDERATION DE) RWANDA SAINT-BARTHELEMY Saint-Christophe-et-Niévè Saint-Marin SAINT-VINCENT ET GRENADIN SAINT-VINCENT-ET-LES-GREN SAINTE HELENE SAINTE-LUCIE SÉNÉGAL SERBIE SERBIE DE (REPUBLIQUE) SERBIE ET MONTENEGRO Serbie-Et-Monténégro Seychelles SEYCHELLES ET DEPENDANCES SHARJAH SIERRA LEONE Singapour SLOVAQUIE Slovénie Somalie SOUDAN SRI LANKA Suède Suisse Swaziland SYRIE SYRIENNE (REPUBLIQUE ARAB Tadjikistan Taiwan Taïwan (province de Chine Tanzanie Tchad Tchécoslovaquie Tcheque (Republique) TCHEQUIE Thaïlande TIMOR ORIENTAL Togo Trinite Et Tobago TRINITE-ET-TOBAGO Tunisie Turkmenistan Turquie U.R.S.S. UKRAINE UNION EUROPEENNE URSS Uruguay US Vanuatu VANUATU (ANC NLLES HEBRID VATICAN (SAINT-SIEGE) Venezuela VIERGES BRITANNIQUES (ILE Viêt Nam VIETNAM Yemen YOUGOSLAVIE ZAIRE ZAMBIE Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE (Ex RHODESIE)

UBO Citizenships: -AFGHANEALBANAISEALGERIENNEALLEMANDALLEMANDEAMERICAINEAMERICAINE (ETATS UNIS)ANDORRANEANGLAISANGLAISEAPATRIDEARGENTINEARMENIENNEAUSTRALIENNEAUTRICHIENNEAZERBAIDJANAISEBAHREINIENNEBELGEBENINOISEBIELORUSSEBosniaqueBRESILIENNEBRITANIQUEBRITANNIQUEBULGARECAMBODGIENNECAMEROUNAISECANADIENNECentrafricaineChilienneChinoiseCHYPRIOTECOLOMBIENNECOMORIENNECONGOLAISECoreenneCOSTARICAINECroateDANOISEdes Émirats arabes unisdu BruneiEGYPTIENNEEMIRIENNEEQUATORIENNEESPAGNOLEESTONIENNEFFANCAISEFinlandaiseFRAFRANCAISFRANCAISEFRANCAISE ET SUISSEFRANCAISE/BRITANNIQUEGRECQUEHAITIENNEHOLLANDAISEHONG KONGHong-KongHONGROISEIndienneINDONESIENNEIRANIENNEIRLANDAISEIslandaiseISRAELIENNEITALIENNEIVOIRIENNEJaponaiseJORDANIENNEKazakheKOWEITIENNELIBANAISELibyenneLITUANIENNELUXLUXEMBOURGEOISEMALAISIENNEMalgacheMALIENNEMALTAISEMAROCAINEMAURICIENNEMEXICAINEMOLDAVEMonégasqueMONGOLENEERLANDAISNEERLANDAISEnéo ZélandaiseNEW-ZELANDAISNORVEGIENNEPAKISTANAISEPANAMEENNEPHILIPPINEPOLONAISEPortugaiseQATARIENNEROUMAINERusseSAOUDIENNESénégalaiseSERBESINGAPOURIENNESIUSSESLOVAQUESRI-LANKAISESud-AfricaineSUD-COREENNESUEDOISESUISSESyrienneTADJIKETAIWANAISTBCTCHEQUETHAILANDAISETOGOLAISETrinidadienneTUNISIENNETURQUEUKRAINIENNEVENEZUELIENNEVietnamienneYéméniteYOUGOSLAVE

The search 63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE found 39 results

#	Company	Address	REF Geotag
12893220	COMMUNE DE CEYRAT COM 216300707 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D0978 Surface: 250 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742631, 3.066242
12893221	COMMUNE DE CEYRAT COM 216300707 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D0979 Surface: 230 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742523, 3.066180
12893222	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D0988 Surface: 210 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742542, 3.065851
12893223	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D0989 Surface: 205 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742465, 3.065960
12893224	COMMUNE DE CEYRAT COM 216300707 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D0990 Surface: 750 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742743, 3.065764
12893225	ETABLISSEMENT PUBLIC FONCIER SMAF AUVERGNE EPIC 390711604 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D0996 Surface: 220 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742535, 3.065337
12893226	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1012 Surface: 40 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742590, 3.064868
12893227	ETABLISSEMENT PUBLIC FONCIER SMAF AUVERGNE EPIC 390711604 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1021 Surface: 420 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742779, 3.065317
12893228	SECTION DE CEYRAT U20625049 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1039 Surface: 275 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.743042, 3.064803
12893229	MSF MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES ASS 305009102 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1041 Surface: 160 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742763, 3.064510
12893230	COMMUNE DE CEYRAT COM 216300707 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1042 Surface: 160 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742821, 3.064455
12893231	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1044 Surface: 575 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742840, 3.063975
12893232	COMMUNE DE CEYRAT COM 216300707 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1053 Surface: 235 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.743027, 3.063720
12893233	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1054 Surface: 215 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742938, 3.063598
12893234	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT LA BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1055 Surface: 600 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.742713, 3.063781
12893283	COMMUNE DE CEYRAT COM 216300707 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1277 Surface: 65 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744787, 3.064205
12893285	COMMUNE DE BEAUMONT COM 216300327 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1287 Surface: 218 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744194, 3.064040
12893286	COMMUNE DE BEAUMONT COM 216300327 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1288 Surface: 219 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744035, 3.063910
12893287	SYNDICAT INTERCOMMUNAL BEAUMONT CEYRAT U27279007 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1290 Surface: 1235 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744248, 3.064565
12893288	COMMUNE DE BEAUMONT COM 216300327 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1291 Surface: 260 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744460, 3.064101
12893289	COMMUNE DE BEAUMONT COM 216300327 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1292 Surface: 240 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744509, 3.064238
12893290	COMMUNE DE BEAUMONT COM 216300327 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1293 Surface: 170 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744541, 3.064304
12893291	COMMUNE DE BEAUMONT COM 216300327 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1294 Surface: 190 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744597, 3.064332
12893292	COMMUNE DE BEAUMONT COM 216300327 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1295 Surface: 140 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744637, 3.064364
12893293	COMMUNE DE BEAUMONT COM 216300327 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1296 Surface: 170 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744642, 3.064433
12893294	COMMUNE DE BEAUMONT COM 216300327 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1297 Surface: 305 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744459, 3.064643
12893295	SYNDICAT INTERCOMMUNAL BEAUMONT CEYRAT U27279007 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1298 Surface: 450 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744692, 3.064542
12893296	MSF MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES ASS 305009102 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1310 Surface: 152 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.745451, 3.065675
12893297	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1319 Surface: 330 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.745168, 3.065705
12893298	COMMUNE DE CEYRAT COM 216300707 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1338 Surface: 657 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.743921, 3.065077
12893299	COMMUNE DE CEYRAT COM 216300707 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1348 Surface: 310 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.743707, 3.066634
12893300	MSF MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES ASS 305009102 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1359 Surface: 830 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744098, 3.066637
12893301	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1382 Surface: 220 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744757, 3.066809
12893302	MSF MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES ASS 305009102 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1386 Surface: 220 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744387, 3.066952
12893303	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1393 Surface: 85 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744462, 3.067128
12893304	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1396 Surface: 120 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744608, 3.067071
12893305	DOMAINES PROPRIETAIRES INCONNUS ETAT U27257076 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1417 Surface: 465 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.745129, 3.067611
12893376	COMMUNE DE BEAUMONT COM 216300327 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1781 Surface: 355 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.744214, 3.063900
12893377	COMMUNE DE CEYRAT COM 216300707 @Company @Persons	63070 CEYRAT BOUCHERADE	Department: 63 Parcel Code: 630700000D1782 Surface: 138 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 45.743986, 3.063734

Financial support for this project is provided by Transborder Corruption Archives TBCArchives.org and OCCRP

Investigations using this database:

International:

OCCRP and partners:

Russian Asset Tracker

The Luxury French Real Estate of Alleged Latin American Money Launderers and Officials Accused of Corruption

Russia:

Сен-Жан-Кап-Ферра наш. Как видные россияне заселили один из самых роскошных курортов мира на Лазурном берегу Франции

Ukraine:

ФІРТАШ МАЄ ВИНОРОБНИЙ БІЗНЕС У ФРАНЦІЇ ЗА 7,6 МІЛЬЙОНІВ ЄВРО

Bulgaria:

Топлофикация – Франция: Как шефка на “топлото” в Перник даде 6.5 милиона заем на тъста на Ковачки за вила на Лазурния бряг

Бившият шеф на енергетиката Милко Ковачев с имот в Биариц

Howto: Find the real estate owned by a French company

Do a search by person or UBO or company and locate the persons tagged with Land plots or Premisses. The search operator @realestates yes | @parcels yes in the Persons search will limit the search to those having a land plot or premisses.
Click on @Geotag to locate the land plots on the map. Detailed cadastral information is available in @Locaux/Premises or @Parcelles/Land Plots.
Locate the Department (two digits) the Place, the two letters Section and the four digits Parcel N°. Exemple: AA 0011. This information is also available in the Parcel Code in Geotag. The first 5 digits of the Parcel Code are the post code and the last letters/digits are the Section and Parcel N° (ex: 302580000D0143 means post code 30258 ST GILLES CAVALES and last 5 symbols are the Section D and the parcel N° 143).
Go to https://www.cadastre.gouv.fr/scpc/accueil.do, Select English and click on “Search by cadastral reference instead”.
Fill the place, the post code, select the department number from the drop down menu, fill the Section and the Parcel N° with the three last digits only. Click on Search
If there is a result the system will give a link to show the parcel on the map. You can zoom on the map and match it with Google Maps.