BIRD.BG FRESTATE

Real estate ownership from data.gouv.fr (Nov. 2021), Geocoded data from Koumoul.com, UBO data from inpi.fr. Enter name of country, person, company, siren number, street, city, etc… Click on the number in the results to see the full record. Click on the person or company name to see all the records for this person/company. You can also do partial searches with the * joker. Example: @Nom_Patronymique *ov @realestates yes | @parcels yes returns the people having family names ending at OV, who are linked to companies who owns premisses or land plots in France. The Geotag search locates the land plots, but not the real estate like flats. A list of persons of interest with questionable wealth has been established by investigative journalists team and can be seen here.

Persons: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Nom_Greffe @Numero_Gestion @Siren @Type @Nom_Patronymique @Nom_Usage @Pseudonyme @Prenoms @Denomination @Forme_Juridique @Adresse_Ligne1 @Adresse_Ligne2 @Adresse_Ligne3 @Ville @Code_Commune @Pays @Date_Naissance @Ville_Naissance @Pays_Naissance @Nationalite @Qualite @Rep_Perm_Nom @Rep_Perm_Nom_Usage @Rep_Perm_Prénoms @Rep_Perm_Date_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Ville_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Pays_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Nationalité @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne1 @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne2 @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne3 @Rep_Perm_Ville @Rep_Perm_Pays @date_greffe @Libelle_Evt @filename @department @rep_date @realestates @parcels @ubo @poi @vip
Premisses: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @batiment_identification_du_local @entree_identification_du_local @niveau_identification_du_local @porte_identification_du_local @ndeg_voirie_adresse_du_local @indice_de_repetition_adresse_du_local @code_voie_majic_adresse_du_local @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_du_local @nature_voie_adresse_du_local @nom_voie_adresse_du_local @code_droit_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_du_local @groupe_personne_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_du_local @denomination_proprietaires_du_local @poi @vip
Parcels: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @ndeg_de_voirie_adresse_parcelle @indice_de_repetition_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_majic_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_parcelle @nature_voie_adresse_parcelle @nom_voie_adresse_parcelle @contenance_caracteristiques_parcelle @suf_evaluation_suf @nature_culture_evaluation_suf @contenance_evaluation_suf @code_droit_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_parcelle @groupe_personne_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_parcelle @denomination_proprietaires_parcelle @realestates @parcels @vip
Geoloc: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Departement @Code Commune @Nom Commune @Adresse @Code parcelle @Code voie rivoli @SUF @Nature culture @Code droit @NMAJIC @NSIREN @Groupe personne @Forme juridique abregee @Denomination @vip

Countries: 1941-10-03 1952-02-25 1954-06-25 1961-10-08 1975-08-27 1977-01-13 1986-03-16 32400 Riscle ABU DHABI AFGHANISTAN AFRIQUE Afrique du Sud Albanie Algerie Allemagne Andorre Angleterre ANGOLA ANGUILLA ANTIGUA ET BARBUDA Antigua-Et-Barbuda ANTILLE NEERLANDAISES ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES (C APATRIDE ARABIE SAOUDITE Argentine Arménie AUSTRALIE AUTRES PAYS Autriche AZERBAIDJAN Bahamas Bahreïn Bangladesh BARBADE BELARUS Belgique Belize BELIZE (Ex HONDURAS BRITA BENIN Bermudes BIELORUSSIE BOLIVIE Bosnie-Herzegovine Botswana Brésil Brésilienne Brunei BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Bulgarie BURKINA Burkina Faso Burundi CAIMANES (ILES) CAIMANS (ILES) Cambodge CAMBODGE (Ex KAMPUCHEA) Cameroun Canada CAP-VERT Centrafricaine (Republiqu CHILI Chine Chypre Colombie Comores Congo CONGO BRAZZAVILLE (REPUBL CONGO KINSHASA (REPUBLIQU Congo-Kinshasa (Rép. Démo COREE (REP. POP. DEMOCRAT COREE (REPUBLIQUE DE) Corée du Nord COREE DU NORD (REPUBLIQUE Corée du Sud COREE DU SUD (REPUBLIQUE COSTA RICA COTE D'IVOIRE Croatie Cuba Danemark Djibouti DOMINICAINE (REPUBLIQUE) DOMINIQUE DUBAI Egypte EL SALVADOR Emirats arabes unis EQUATEUR Espagne ESTONIE Etats Unis D'Amerique Etats-Unis Etats-Unis d'Amérique Ethiopie Fidji Finlande France FRANCE METROPOLITAINE Gabon Gambie GEORGIE Ghana GIBRALTAR GRECE Grenade GUADELOUPE GUADELOUPE (DEPARTEMENT) GUATEMALA Guinee GUINEE EQUATORIALE GUINEE-BISSAU Guyana GUYANE FRANÇAISE HAITI HONDURAS Hong Kong Hong-Kong HONGRIE ILE DE MAN ILE MAURICE ILES MINEURES ELOIGNEES D ILES SALOMON Iles Vierges (Britaniques ILES VIERGES (BRITANNIQUE ILES VIERGES (USA) ILES VIERGES BRITANNIQUES ILES WALLIS ET FUTUNA Inconnu INCONNU (NE PAS AFFICHER) Inde Indonésie IRAK Iran Iraq Irlande IRLANDE, OU EIRE Islande Israël Italie Jamaïque Japon Jersey Jordanie Kazakhstan Kenya Kirghizistan Kosovo Koweït LA REUNION Laos LAOS (REP. DEMOCRATIQUE P LAOS (RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRAT Lesotho Lettonie LIBAN LIBERIA Libye Liechtenstein LITUANIE londres Luxembourg MACAO MACEDOINE Madagascar MALAISIE MALDIVES MALI Malte Mariannes du Nord (îles) Maroc Marshall (Iles) MARTINIQUE MARTINIQUE (DEPARTEMENT) Maurice Mauritanie MAYOTTE Mexique Moldavie MOLDAVIE (REPUBLIQUE DE) MOLDOVA (REPUBLIQUE DE) MONACO Mongolie MONTENEGRO MONTENEGRO (REPUBLIQUE) Mozambique MYANMAR MYANMAR (Ex BIRMANIE) Namibie NEPAL NICARAGUA Niger NIGERIA NORVEGE NOUVELLE CALEDONIE Nouvelle Zelande NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE Nouvelle-Zélande OMAN Ouganda Ouzbekistan PAKISTAN Palestine Panama Paraguay PAYS BAS PAYS-BAS Pérou PHILIPPINES Pologne POLYNESIE FRANCAISE PORTO RICO Portugal Qatar République centrafricaine Republique Democratique C République démocratique d République dominicaine REPUBLIQUE DU CAP VERT REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO REPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE République Tchèque REUNION (DEPARTEMENT) ROUMANIE ROYAUME UNI Royaume-Uni Russie RUSSIE (FEDERATION DE) RWANDA SAINT-BARTHELEMY Saint-Christophe-et-Niévè Saint-Marin SAINT-VINCENT ET GRENADIN SAINT-VINCENT-ET-LES-GREN SAINTE HELENE SAINTE-LUCIE SÉNÉGAL SERBIE SERBIE DE (REPUBLIQUE) SERBIE ET MONTENEGRO Serbie-Et-Monténégro Seychelles SEYCHELLES ET DEPENDANCES SHARJAH SIERRA LEONE Singapour SLOVAQUIE Slovénie Somalie SOUDAN SRI LANKA Suède Suisse Swaziland SYRIE SYRIENNE (REPUBLIQUE ARAB Tadjikistan Taiwan Taïwan (province de Chine Tanzanie Tchad Tchécoslovaquie Tcheque (Republique) TCHEQUIE Thaïlande TIMOR ORIENTAL Togo Trinite Et Tobago TRINITE-ET-TOBAGO Tunisie Turkmenistan Turquie U.R.S.S. UKRAINE UNION EUROPEENNE URSS Uruguay US Vanuatu VANUATU (ANC NLLES HEBRID VATICAN (SAINT-SIEGE) Venezuela VIERGES BRITANNIQUES (ILE Viêt Nam VIETNAM Yemen YOUGOSLAVIE ZAIRE ZAMBIE Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE (Ex RHODESIE)

UBO Citizenships: -AFGHANEALBANAISEALGERIENNEALLEMANDALLEMANDEAMERICAINEAMERICAINE (ETATS UNIS)ANDORRANEANGLAISANGLAISEAPATRIDEARGENTINEARMENIENNEAUSTRALIENNEAUTRICHIENNEAZERBAIDJANAISEBAHREINIENNEBELGEBENINOISEBIELORUSSEBosniaqueBRESILIENNEBRITANIQUEBRITANNIQUEBULGARECAMBODGIENNECAMEROUNAISECANADIENNECentrafricaineChilienneChinoiseCHYPRIOTECOLOMBIENNECOMORIENNECONGOLAISECoreenneCOSTARICAINECroateDANOISEdes Émirats arabes unisdu BruneiEGYPTIENNEEMIRIENNEEQUATORIENNEESPAGNOLEESTONIENNEFFANCAISEFinlandaiseFRAFRANCAISFRANCAISEFRANCAISE ET SUISSEFRANCAISE/BRITANNIQUEGRECQUEHAITIENNEHOLLANDAISEHONG KONGHong-KongHONGROISEIndienneINDONESIENNEIRANIENNEIRLANDAISEIslandaiseISRAELIENNEITALIENNEIVOIRIENNEJaponaiseJORDANIENNEKazakheKOWEITIENNELIBANAISELibyenneLITUANIENNELUXLUXEMBOURGEOISEMALAISIENNEMalgacheMALIENNEMALTAISEMAROCAINEMAURICIENNEMEXICAINEMOLDAVEMonégasqueMONGOLENEERLANDAISNEERLANDAISEnéo ZélandaiseNEW-ZELANDAISNORVEGIENNEPAKISTANAISEPANAMEENNEPHILIPPINEPOLONAISEPortugaiseQATARIENNEROUMAINERusseSAOUDIENNESénégalaiseSERBESINGAPOURIENNESIUSSESLOVAQUESRI-LANKAISESud-AfricaineSUD-COREENNESUEDOISESUISSESyrienneTADJIKETAIWANAISTBCTCHEQUETHAILANDAISETOGOLAISETrinidadienneTUNISIENNETURQUEUKRAINIENNEVENEZUELIENNEVietnamienneYéméniteYOUGOSLAVE

The search 789506342 found 34 results

#	Company	Address	REF Geotag
14620227	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LES GUEMERES	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0080 Surface: 18446 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.695187, 4.018409
14620806	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LES GUEMERES	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0088 Surface: 22743 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.698012, 4.022358
14625260	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE BAUGY	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 71239000AT0031 Surface: 5930 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.699880, 4.011396
14635338	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE CHAMPS TAVARS	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0040 Surface: 38919 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.697366, 4.012134
14640965	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE BAUGY	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 71239000AT0032 Surface: 104750 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.700600, 4.008570
14648537	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE BAUGY	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0012 Surface: 40800 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.698230, 4.010158
14659036	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LES GUEMERES	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0086 Surface: 24330 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.696156, 4.022952
14666898	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LES GUEMERES	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0082 Surface: 37572 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.697286, 4.016500
14674518	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LE GOURLYS	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0097 Surface: 9385 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.699424, 4.017769
14687873	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LES GUEMERES	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0083 Surface: 43408 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.697244, 4.020111
14701553	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE CHAMPS TAVARS	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0043 Surface: 49341 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.699869, 4.015617
14702141	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE BAUGY	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 71239000AT0027 Surface: 44780 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.702314, 4.012241
14715275	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE CHAMPS TAVARS	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0041 Surface: 6406 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.699325, 4.011869
14721368	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE CHAMPS TAVARS	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0040 Surface: 38919 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.697366, 4.012134
14726143	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE BAUGY	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 71239000AT0059 Surface: 981 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.700066, 4.011972
14731549	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE CHAMPS TAVARS	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0042 Surface: 45024 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.697947, 4.014404
14739262	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE BAUGY	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0013 Surface: 3820 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.696870, 4.010255
14757952	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LES GUEMERES	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0087 Surface: 7634 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.696665, 4.022024
14758177	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LE GOURLYS	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0096 Surface: 15229 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.698621, 4.019177
14763598	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE BAUGY	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 71239000AT0032 Surface: 104750 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.700600, 4.008570
14763828	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE MONTAGNE DE NOIRTERRE	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 71239000AT0026 Surface: 42620 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.701941, 4.014068
14771136	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LES GUEMERES	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0092 Surface: 29660 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.699331, 4.024926
14779269	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE BAUGY	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 71239000AT0032 Surface: 104750 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.700600, 4.008570
14780502	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LA MONTAGNE DE LA GARDE	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0119 Surface: 10129 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.702523, 4.023153
14787245	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE MONTAGNE DE NOIRTERRE	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 71239000AT0022 Surface: 17160 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.704465, 4.014507
14788147	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE CHAMPS TAVARS	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0043 Surface: 49341 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.699869, 4.015617
14794475	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LA MONTAGNE DE LA GARDE	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0120 Surface: 32532 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.701640, 4.022848
14809120	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE BAUGY	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0014 Surface: 3750 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.696382, 4.009345
14815898	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE BAUGY	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0012 Surface: 40800 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.698230, 4.010158
14822278	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LA MONTAGNE DE LA GARDE	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0121 Surface: 14290 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.701359, 4.024537
14829247	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE MONTAGNE DE NOIRTERRE	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 71239000AT0026 Surface: 42620 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.701941, 4.014068
14833843	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LES GUEMERES	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0084 Surface: 37192 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.695548, 4.021055
14843442	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE LES GUEMERES	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 712390000F0085 Surface: 7895 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.696053, 4.022129
14844525	GROUPEMENT FONCIER AGRICOLE DE BAUGY GFA 789506342 @Company @Persons	71239 ISSY-L EVEQUE MONTAGNE DE NOIRTERRE	Department: 71 Parcel Code: 71239000AT0021 Surface: 44080 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 46.704205, 4.012690

Financial support for this project is provided by Transborder Corruption Archives TBCArchives.org and OCCRP

Investigations using this database:

International:

OCCRP and partners:

Russian Asset Tracker

The Luxury French Real Estate of Alleged Latin American Money Launderers and Officials Accused of Corruption

Russia:

Сен-Жан-Кап-Ферра наш. Как видные россияне заселили один из самых роскошных курортов мира на Лазурном берегу Франции

Ukraine:

ФІРТАШ МАЄ ВИНОРОБНИЙ БІЗНЕС У ФРАНЦІЇ ЗА 7,6 МІЛЬЙОНІВ ЄВРО

Bulgaria:

Топлофикация – Франция: Как шефка на “топлото” в Перник даде 6.5 милиона заем на тъста на Ковачки за вила на Лазурния бряг

Бившият шеф на енергетиката Милко Ковачев с имот в Биариц

Howto: Find the real estate owned by a French company

Do a search by person or UBO or company and locate the persons tagged with Land plots or Premisses. The search operator @realestates yes | @parcels yes in the Persons search will limit the search to those having a land plot or premisses.
Click on @Geotag to locate the land plots on the map. Detailed cadastral information is available in @Locaux/Premises or @Parcelles/Land Plots.
Locate the Department (two digits) the Place, the two letters Section and the four digits Parcel N°. Exemple: AA 0011. This information is also available in the Parcel Code in Geotag. The first 5 digits of the Parcel Code are the post code and the last letters/digits are the Section and Parcel N° (ex: 302580000D0143 means post code 30258 ST GILLES CAVALES and last 5 symbols are the Section D and the parcel N° 143).
Go to https://www.cadastre.gouv.fr/scpc/accueil.do, Select English and click on “Search by cadastral reference instead”.
Fill the place, the post code, select the department number from the drop down menu, fill the Section and the Parcel N° with the three last digits only. Click on Search
If there is a result the system will give a link to show the parcel on the map. You can zoom on the map and match it with Google Maps.