BIRD.BG FRESTATE

Real estate ownership from data.gouv.fr (Nov. 2021), Geocoded data from Koumoul.com, UBO data from inpi.fr. Enter name of country, person, company, siren number, street, city, etc… Click on the number in the results to see the full record. Click on the person or company name to see all the records for this person/company. You can also do partial searches with the * joker. Example: @Nom_Patronymique *ov @realestates yes | @parcels yes returns the people having family names ending at OV, who are linked to companies who owns premisses or land plots in France. The Geotag search locates the land plots, but not the real estate like flats. A list of persons of interest with questionable wealth has been established by investigative journalists team and can be seen here.

Persons: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Nom_Greffe @Numero_Gestion @Siren @Type @Nom_Patronymique @Nom_Usage @Pseudonyme @Prenoms @Denomination @Forme_Juridique @Adresse_Ligne1 @Adresse_Ligne2 @Adresse_Ligne3 @Ville @Code_Commune @Pays @Date_Naissance @Ville_Naissance @Pays_Naissance @Nationalite @Qualite @Rep_Perm_Nom @Rep_Perm_Nom_Usage @Rep_Perm_Prénoms @Rep_Perm_Date_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Ville_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Pays_Naissance @Rep_Perm_Nationalité @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne1 @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne2 @Rep_Perm_Adr_Ligne3 @Rep_Perm_Ville @Rep_Perm_Pays @date_greffe @Libelle_Evt @filename @department @rep_date @realestates @parcels @ubo @poi @vip
Premisses: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @batiment_identification_du_local @entree_identification_du_local @niveau_identification_du_local @porte_identification_du_local @ndeg_voirie_adresse_du_local @indice_de_repetition_adresse_du_local @code_voie_majic_adresse_du_local @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_du_local @nature_voie_adresse_du_local @nom_voie_adresse_du_local @code_droit_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_du_local @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_du_local @groupe_personne_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_proprietaires_du_local @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_du_local @denomination_proprietaires_du_local @poi @vip
Parcels: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @filename @departement_champ_geographique @code_direction_champ_geographique @code_commune_champ_geographique @nom_commune_champ_geographique @prefixe_references_cadastrales @section_references_cadastrales @ndeg_plan_references_cadastrales @ndeg_de_voirie_adresse_parcelle @indice_de_repetition_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_majic_adresse_parcelle @code_voie_rivoli_adresse_parcelle @nature_voie_adresse_parcelle @nom_voie_adresse_parcelle @contenance_caracteristiques_parcelle @suf_evaluation_suf @nature_culture_evaluation_suf @contenance_evaluation_suf @code_droit_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_majic_proprietaires_parcelle @ndeg_siren_proprietaires_parcelle @groupe_personne_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_proprietaires_parcelle @forme_juridique_abregee_proprietaires_parcelle @denomination_proprietaires_parcelle @realestates @parcels @vip
Geoloc: Free text search by name, company, institution, place, etc. The search can be limited to include only the available fields Ex: @name Ivan will search for Ivan only in the field name. For exact phrases search include the text in quotes ex: "Ivan Ivanov" Available fields: @Departement @Code Commune @Nom Commune @Adresse @Code parcelle @Code voie rivoli @SUF @Nature culture @Code droit @NMAJIC @NSIREN @Groupe personne @Forme juridique abregee @Denomination @vip

Countries: 1941-10-03 1952-02-25 1954-06-25 1961-10-08 1975-08-27 1977-01-13 1986-03-16 32400 Riscle ABU DHABI AFGHANISTAN AFRIQUE Afrique du Sud Albanie Algerie Allemagne Andorre Angleterre ANGOLA ANGUILLA ANTIGUA ET BARBUDA Antigua-Et-Barbuda ANTILLE NEERLANDAISES ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES (C APATRIDE ARABIE SAOUDITE Argentine Arménie AUSTRALIE AUTRES PAYS Autriche AZERBAIDJAN Bahamas Bahreïn Bangladesh BARBADE BELARUS Belgique Belize BELIZE (Ex HONDURAS BRITA BENIN Bermudes BIELORUSSIE BOLIVIE Bosnie-Herzegovine Botswana Brésil Brésilienne Brunei BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Bulgarie BURKINA Burkina Faso Burundi CAIMANES (ILES) CAIMANS (ILES) Cambodge CAMBODGE (Ex KAMPUCHEA) Cameroun Canada CAP-VERT Centrafricaine (Republiqu CHILI Chine Chypre Colombie Comores Congo CONGO BRAZZAVILLE (REPUBL CONGO KINSHASA (REPUBLIQU Congo-Kinshasa (Rép. Démo COREE (REP. POP. DEMOCRAT COREE (REPUBLIQUE DE) Corée du Nord COREE DU NORD (REPUBLIQUE Corée du Sud COREE DU SUD (REPUBLIQUE COSTA RICA COTE D'IVOIRE Croatie Cuba Danemark Djibouti DOMINICAINE (REPUBLIQUE) DOMINIQUE DUBAI Egypte EL SALVADOR Emirats arabes unis EQUATEUR Espagne ESTONIE Etats Unis D'Amerique Etats-Unis Etats-Unis d'Amérique Ethiopie Fidji Finlande France FRANCE METROPOLITAINE Gabon Gambie GEORGIE Ghana GIBRALTAR GRECE Grenade GUADELOUPE GUADELOUPE (DEPARTEMENT) GUATEMALA Guinee GUINEE EQUATORIALE GUINEE-BISSAU Guyana GUYANE FRANÇAISE HAITI HONDURAS Hong Kong Hong-Kong HONGRIE ILE DE MAN ILE MAURICE ILES MINEURES ELOIGNEES D ILES SALOMON Iles Vierges (Britaniques ILES VIERGES (BRITANNIQUE ILES VIERGES (USA) ILES VIERGES BRITANNIQUES ILES WALLIS ET FUTUNA Inconnu INCONNU (NE PAS AFFICHER) Inde Indonésie IRAK Iran Iraq Irlande IRLANDE, OU EIRE Islande Israël Italie Jamaïque Japon Jersey Jordanie Kazakhstan Kenya Kirghizistan Kosovo Koweït LA REUNION Laos LAOS (REP. DEMOCRATIQUE P LAOS (RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRAT Lesotho Lettonie LIBAN LIBERIA Libye Liechtenstein LITUANIE londres Luxembourg MACAO MACEDOINE Madagascar MALAISIE MALDIVES MALI Malte Mariannes du Nord (îles) Maroc Marshall (Iles) MARTINIQUE MARTINIQUE (DEPARTEMENT) Maurice Mauritanie MAYOTTE Mexique Moldavie MOLDAVIE (REPUBLIQUE DE) MOLDOVA (REPUBLIQUE DE) MONACO Mongolie MONTENEGRO MONTENEGRO (REPUBLIQUE) Mozambique MYANMAR MYANMAR (Ex BIRMANIE) Namibie NEPAL NICARAGUA Niger NIGERIA NORVEGE NOUVELLE CALEDONIE Nouvelle Zelande NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE Nouvelle-Zélande OMAN Ouganda Ouzbekistan PAKISTAN Palestine Panama Paraguay PAYS BAS PAYS-BAS Pérou PHILIPPINES Pologne POLYNESIE FRANCAISE PORTO RICO Portugal Qatar République centrafricaine Republique Democratique C République démocratique d République dominicaine REPUBLIQUE DU CAP VERT REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO REPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE République Tchèque REUNION (DEPARTEMENT) ROUMANIE ROYAUME UNI Royaume-Uni Russie RUSSIE (FEDERATION DE) RWANDA SAINT-BARTHELEMY Saint-Christophe-et-Niévè Saint-Marin SAINT-VINCENT ET GRENADIN SAINT-VINCENT-ET-LES-GREN SAINTE HELENE SAINTE-LUCIE SÉNÉGAL SERBIE SERBIE DE (REPUBLIQUE) SERBIE ET MONTENEGRO Serbie-Et-Monténégro Seychelles SEYCHELLES ET DEPENDANCES SHARJAH SIERRA LEONE Singapour SLOVAQUIE Slovénie Somalie SOUDAN SRI LANKA Suède Suisse Swaziland SYRIE SYRIENNE (REPUBLIQUE ARAB Tadjikistan Taiwan Taïwan (province de Chine Tanzanie Tchad Tchécoslovaquie Tcheque (Republique) TCHEQUIE Thaïlande TIMOR ORIENTAL Togo Trinite Et Tobago TRINITE-ET-TOBAGO Tunisie Turkmenistan Turquie U.R.S.S. UKRAINE UNION EUROPEENNE URSS Uruguay US Vanuatu VANUATU (ANC NLLES HEBRID VATICAN (SAINT-SIEGE) Venezuela VIERGES BRITANNIQUES (ILE Viêt Nam VIETNAM Yemen YOUGOSLAVIE ZAIRE ZAMBIE Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE (Ex RHODESIE)

UBO Citizenships: -AFGHANEALBANAISEALGERIENNEALLEMANDALLEMANDEAMERICAINEAMERICAINE (ETATS UNIS)ANDORRANEANGLAISANGLAISEAPATRIDEARGENTINEARMENIENNEAUSTRALIENNEAUTRICHIENNEAZERBAIDJANAISEBAHREINIENNEBELGEBENINOISEBIELORUSSEBosniaqueBRESILIENNEBRITANIQUEBRITANNIQUEBULGARECAMBODGIENNECAMEROUNAISECANADIENNECentrafricaineChilienneChinoiseCHYPRIOTECOLOMBIENNECOMORIENNECONGOLAISECoreenneCOSTARICAINECroateDANOISEdes Émirats arabes unisdu BruneiEGYPTIENNEEMIRIENNEEQUATORIENNEESPAGNOLEESTONIENNEFFANCAISEFinlandaiseFRAFRANCAISFRANCAISEFRANCAISE ET SUISSEFRANCAISE/BRITANNIQUEGRECQUEHAITIENNEHOLLANDAISEHONG KONGHong-KongHONGROISEIndienneINDONESIENNEIRANIENNEIRLANDAISEIslandaiseISRAELIENNEITALIENNEIVOIRIENNEJaponaiseJORDANIENNEKazakheKOWEITIENNELIBANAISELibyenneLITUANIENNELUXLUXEMBOURGEOISEMALAISIENNEMalgacheMALIENNEMALTAISEMAROCAINEMAURICIENNEMEXICAINEMOLDAVEMonégasqueMONGOLENEERLANDAISNEERLANDAISEnéo ZélandaiseNEW-ZELANDAISNORVEGIENNEPAKISTANAISEPANAMEENNEPHILIPPINEPOLONAISEPortugaiseQATARIENNEROUMAINERusseSAOUDIENNESénégalaiseSERBESINGAPOURIENNESIUSSESLOVAQUESRI-LANKAISESud-AfricaineSUD-COREENNESUEDOISESUISSESyrienneTADJIKETAIWANAISTBCTCHEQUETHAILANDAISETOGOLAISETrinidadienneTUNISIENNETURQUEUKRAINIENNEVENEZUELIENNEVietnamienneYéméniteYOUGOSLAVE

The search BAZIN GFA 418195616 found 42 results

#	Company	Address	REF Geotag
9789603	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET PRE DU MOINE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EW0341 Surface: 40185 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.033575, -0.861342
9789605	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE PATIS	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EW0347 Surface: 24090 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.032453, -0.861647
9789689	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LES CENDRES	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EX0073 Surface: 95740 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.032341, -0.868560
9789690	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LA ROURIE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EX0078 Surface: 17130 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.030653, -0.865913
9789691	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LA ROURIE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EX0078 Surface: 17130 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.030653, -0.865913
9789694	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LA GRANDE MENAIE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EX0097 Surface: 1761 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.032426, -0.865677
9789695	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE GRAND PRE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EX0099 Surface: 43460 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.032410, -0.866740
9789726	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LA GRANDE MENAIE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EX0338 Surface: 25026 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.031974, -0.864071
9789756	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE CHAMP DE LA FREMONIERE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0014 Surface: 29640 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.026282, -0.872324
9789757	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET L HUMEAU	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0015 Surface: 26610 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.027479, -0.873630
9789758	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LA SANGSUE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0017 Surface: 48170 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.029401, -0.873036
9789759	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE PRE DE LA DRIVE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0018 Surface: 26210 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.030221, -0.869559
9789760	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE CHAMP DE LA DOUVE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0019 Surface: 700 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.030773, -0.867949
9789761	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE CHAMP DE LA DOUVE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0020 Surface: 2290 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.030527, -0.866536
9789762	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE CHAMP DE LA DOUVE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0021 Surface: 15480 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.030172, -0.867704
9789763	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE PATIS MATHURIN	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0022 Surface: 22354 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.028691, -0.869380
9789764	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE CHAMP DE LA VIGNE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0023 Surface: 2540 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.029333, -0.867836
9789765	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE GRAND CHAMP	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0024 Surface: 66240 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.027228, -0.870543
9789766	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LA FRICHE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0025 Surface: 35310 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.027550, -0.867681
9789767	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE PUITS	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0026 Surface: 27230 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.028418, -0.865623
9789768	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE CHAMP DE LA VIGNE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0027 Surface: 20830 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.029729, -0.866798
9789769	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49099 CHOLET LE CHAMP DE LA VIGNE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49099000EY0027 Surface: 20830 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.029729, -0.866798
9937512	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LE PRE DE LA CASSE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0018 Surface: 22740 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.020412, -0.853126
9937519	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LA PATURE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0049 Surface: 39650 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.017575, -0.854769
9937520	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LE GRAND CHAMP	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0050 Surface: 45220 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.016376, -0.853417
9937521	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LE GRAND CHAMP	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0052 Surface: 2430 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.015783, -0.855061
9937522	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LE GRAND CHAMP	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0053 Surface: 1310 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.015808, -0.855413
9937523	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE CHAMP DE LA ROBERDIERE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0055 Surface: 21890 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.014093, -0.859673
9937524	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE CHAMP DE LA ROBERDIERE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0055 Surface: 21890 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.014093, -0.859673
9937525	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE CHAMP DE LA ROBERDIERE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0056 Surface: 23680 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.015257, -0.856759
9937526	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE CHAMP DE LA ROBERDIERE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0056 Surface: 23680 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.015257, -0.856759
9937534	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LE PRE DE LA MAISON	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0153 Surface: 12358 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.019277, -0.854228
9937535	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LE CHAMP DE L AIRE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0155 Surface: 14523 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.019218, -0.852886
9937537	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LA FORET	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0158 Surface: 44 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.018200, -0.853636
9937538	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LA FORET	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0160 Surface: 582 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.018362, -0.854364
9937539	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LA FORET	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0161 Surface: 77 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.018599, -0.854247
9937546	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LE GRAND PRE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AD0195 Surface: 31836 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.018062, -0.852090
9937571	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LES BEILLERIES	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AH0045 Surface: 26805 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.013420, -0.862292
9937943	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE PRE DE LA BARRE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AM0029 Surface: 3750 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.016117, -0.849856
9937953	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LE GRAND CHAMP	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AM0136 Surface: 44255 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.016523, -0.851629
9937954	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LE GRAND CHAMP	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AM0136 Surface: 44255 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.016523, -0.851629
9937958	BAZIN GFA 418195616 @Company @Persons	49343 LA TESSOUALLE LA MANETTE	Department: 49 Parcel Code: 49343000AM0385 Surface: 9506 Location: Zoom Google Maps: 47.016667, -0.849998

Financial support for this project is provided by Transborder Corruption Archives TBCArchives.org and OCCRP

Investigations using this database:

International:

OCCRP and partners:

Russian Asset Tracker

The Luxury French Real Estate of Alleged Latin American Money Launderers and Officials Accused of Corruption

Russia:

Сен-Жан-Кап-Ферра наш. Как видные россияне заселили один из самых роскошных курортов мира на Лазурном берегу Франции

Ukraine:

ФІРТАШ МАЄ ВИНОРОБНИЙ БІЗНЕС У ФРАНЦІЇ ЗА 7,6 МІЛЬЙОНІВ ЄВРО

Bulgaria:

Топлофикация – Франция: Как шефка на “топлото” в Перник даде 6.5 милиона заем на тъста на Ковачки за вила на Лазурния бряг

Бившият шеф на енергетиката Милко Ковачев с имот в Биариц

Howto: Find the real estate owned by a French company

Do a search by person or UBO or company and locate the persons tagged with Land plots or Premisses. The search operator @realestates yes | @parcels yes in the Persons search will limit the search to those having a land plot or premisses.
Click on @Geotag to locate the land plots on the map. Detailed cadastral information is available in @Locaux/Premises or @Parcelles/Land Plots.
Locate the Department (two digits) the Place, the two letters Section and the four digits Parcel N°. Exemple: AA 0011. This information is also available in the Parcel Code in Geotag. The first 5 digits of the Parcel Code are the post code and the last letters/digits are the Section and Parcel N° (ex: 302580000D0143 means post code 30258 ST GILLES CAVALES and last 5 symbols are the Section D and the parcel N° 143).
Go to https://www.cadastre.gouv.fr/scpc/accueil.do, Select English and click on “Search by cadastral reference instead”.
Fill the place, the post code, select the department number from the drop down menu, fill the Section and the Parcel N° with the three last digits only. Click on Search
If there is a result the system will give a link to show the parcel on the map. You can zoom on the map and match it with Google Maps.